Religious philosophical concepts

thumb|Depiction of the soul leaving the body at the moment of death: The Grave (poem)|The Grave, illustrated by [[William Blake, engraved by Luigi Schiavonetti, 1808]]

thumb|upright|Statue of the devil in "the Žmuidzinavičius Museum|Devil Museum" in [[Kaunas, Lithuania|alt=A winged male humanoid devil holds a naked woman as she touches her breast. ]]A devil is the mythical personification of evil as it is conceived in various cultures and religious traditions. It is seen as the objectification of a hostile and destructive force. Jeffrey Burton Russell states that the different conceptions of the devil can be summed up as 1) a principle of evil independent from God, 2) an aspect of God, 3) a created being turning evil (a fallen angel) or 4) a symbol of human

thumb|Illustration of reincarnation in Hindu art right|thumb|In Jainism, a [[soul travels to any one of the four states of existence after death depending on its karmas.]]

thumb|In many Abrahamic religions, demons are considered to be evil beings and are contrasted with angels, who are their good contemporaries.|354x354px Evil, as a concept, is usually defined as profoundly immoral behavior, and it is related to acts that cause unnecessary pain and suffering to others.

Supernatural phenomena or entities are those beyond the laws of the nature. The term is derived from Medieval Latin , from Latin 'above, beyond, outside of' + 'nature'. Although the corollary term "nature" has had multiple meanings since the ancient world, the term "supernatural" emerged in the Middle Ages and did not exist in the ancient world. Many cultures around the world lack concepts or reject distinctions between the natural and supernatural.

philosophical and spiritual question concerning the significance of living or existence in general

Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism; and usually predeterminism, also known as theological determinism.

immaterial being

concept designating the extra-categorical attributes of beings

In the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy, the Demiurge () is an artisan-like figure responsible for fashioning and maintaining the physical universe. Various schools of Gnostics adopted the term demiurge.

reality where no doubt exists

philosophy and religious concept of the animating essence within humans

thumb|Kamppi Chapel in Helsinki City Centre is a [[community centre, assigned for contemplation.]] thumb|Nature contemplation

''''' () or () or fardh' in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, Bangla (spelled farz or faraz), and Malay (spelled fardu or fardhu) in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such commands or duties are said to receive hasanat (), ajr () or thawab () for each good deed.

dichotomy in religion, ethics, and philosophy

The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. It is held by some philosophical and metaphysical theories of divine presence. Immanence is usually applied in monotheistic, pantheistic, pandeistic, or panentheistic faiths to suggest that the spiritual world permeates the mundane. It is often contrasted with theories of transcendence, in which the divine is seen to be outside the material world.

Universalism is the philosophical and theological concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability.

philosophical concept regarding infinite continuance of the universe

In theology, apokatastasis (, also spelled apocatastasis) is the restoration of creation to a condition of perfection. In Christianity, the term refers to a form of Christian universalism, often associated with Origen, that includes the ultimate salvation of everyone, including the damned and the Devil. The New Testament (Acts 3:21), speaks of the "apokatastasis of all things". The dogmatic status of apokatastasis is disputed, and some orthodox fathers such as Gregory of Nyssa taught apokatastasis and were never condemned.

Sefirot (, plural of סְפִירָה) meaning emanations, are the 10 attributes/emanations in Kabbalah, through which Ein Sof ("infinite space") reveals itself and continuously creates both the physical realm and the seder hishtalshelut (the chained descent of the metaphysical Four Worlds). The term is alternatively transliterated into English as sephirot/sephiroth, singular sefira/sephirah.

In philosophy and theology, metempsychosis () is the transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. The term is derived from ancient Greek philosophy, and has been recontextualized by modern philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, Kurt Gödel, Mircea Eliade, and Magdalena Villaba; otherwise, the word "transmigration" is more appropriate. The word plays a prominent role in James Joyce's Ulysses and is also associated with Nietzsche. Another term sometimes used synonymously is palingenesis.

Deicide is the killing (or the killer) of a god. The concept may be used for any act of killing a god, including a life-death-rebirth deity who is killed and then resurrected.

Ousia (; ) is a philosophical and theological term, originally used in ancient Greek philosophy, then later in Christian theology. It was used by various ancient Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle, as a primary designation for philosophical concepts of essence or substance. It is analogous to concepts of being and the ontological in contemporary philosophy. In Christian theology, the concept of (divine essence) is one of the most important doctrinal concepts, central to the development of trinitarian doctrine.

view that Christian revelation and Aristotelian philosophy, as separate sources of knowledge, might arrive at contradictory truths, each in their own spheres, without detriment to either

Palingenesis (; also palingenesia from Greek: παλιγγενεσία) is a concept of rebirth or re-creation, used in various contexts in philosophy, theology, politics, and biology. Its meaning stems from Greek , meaning 'again', and , meaning 'birth'.

ethical problem in religion in which the existence of Hell for the punishment of souls is regarded as inconsistent with the notion of a just, moral, and omnibenevolent God

Numinous () means "arousing spiritual or religious emotion; mysterious or awe-inspiring"; also "supernatural" or "appealing to the aesthetic sensibility." The term was given its present sense by the German theologian and philosopher Rudolf Otto in his influential 1917 German book The Idea of the Holy. He also used the phrase mysterium tremendum as another description for the phenomenon. Otto's concept of the numinous influenced thinkers including Carl Jung, Mircea Eliade, and C. S. Lewis. It has been applied to theology, psychology, religious studies, literary analysis, and descriptions of psy

thumb|right|1868 allegory of backbiting based on [[Psalms, "the wicked bend their bow, they make ready their arrow upon the string, that they may privily shoot at the upright in heart" (11:2) and "their tongue a sharp sword" (57:4)"]] Backbiting or tale-bearing is to slander someone in their absence — to bite them behind their back. Originally, backbiting referred to an unsporting attack from the rear in the blood sport of bearbaiting.

the idea that words describing the properties of God mean the same thing as when they apply to people or things, even if God is vastly different in kind

philosophy of avoiding unnecessary pain influenced by Stoic and Buddhist schools

Henology () is the philosophical account or discourse on the One that appears most notably in the philosophy of Plotinus.

activity of determining the value and quality of a certain subject

A precept (from the , to teach) is traditionally defined as a commandment, instruction, or order intended as an authoritative rule of action.

thumb|Hosea with his arm raised. Klosterneuburger Evangelienwerk, fol. 7v. Faithfulness means unfailingly remaining loyal to someone or something, and putting that loyalty into consistent practice regardless of extenuating circumstances. It may be exhibited, for example, by a husband or wife who does not engage in sexual relationships outside of the marriage. It can also mean keeping one's promises no matter the prevailing circumstances, such as in certain communities of monks who take a vow of silence. Literally, it is the state of being full of faith in the sense of steady devotion to a per

political slogan

Anthropopathism (from Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos, "human" and πάθος pathos, "suffering") is the attribution of human emotions, or the ascription of human feelings or passions to a non-human being, generally to a deity.

utopian concept

without asking how

philosophical concept

Double-mindedness is a concept used in theology and philosophy. In Christian theology, the term comes from the Bible in the Epistle of James, where the author exhorts the reader to avoid the self-deception that comes from being halfhearted in one's commitment to God. The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard used the same term but made it refer to insincerity, egoism, or fear of punishment. The term was to help him develop his own systematic way to try to detect double-mindedness in himself.