Saparmurat Niyazov

President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006

The Ruhnama, or Rukhnama, translated into English as Book of the Soul or Book of the Spirit, is a two-volume work written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the president of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006. The book explores the philosophical relationship between ethics and the success of states, using Turkmenistan as a case study. Turkmenistan is presented as a modern continuation of the historical nation-states of the Seljuk Empire, Oghuz Yabgu State, and other Turkmen-founded states. It offers an overview of Turkmen history, religion, and culture. The book was designed to serve as a form of state propag

mosque and mausoleum in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

monument originally located in Ashgabat

renaming of months and days of week in Turkmenistan

Mosque in Gökdepe, Turkemnistan

mother of Turkmenistan president Saparmurat Niyazov (1913–1948)

higher education institution in Turkmenistan

Turkmenization is the set of domestic policies the Niyazov administration used in Turkmenistan from 1991–2006 to force ethnic minorities to adopt Turkmen culture. Those who resisted the state-sponsored cultural transformation were often deported.

First Lady of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006

State award of Turkmenistan