Science and technology in the Soviet Union

thumb|right|220px|NASA satellite photo of Semey Semey (; , formerly known as Semipalatinsk ( ) until 2007 and as Alash-Qala ( ) from 1917 to 1920, is a city in eastern Kazakhstan, in the Kazakh part of Siberia. When Abai Region was created in 2022, Semey became its administrative centre. It lies along the Irtysh River near the border with Russia, north of Almaty and southeast of the Russian city of Omsk. Its population is 312,764 (stat.gov.kz).

competition to explore space between USA and USSR

A tokamak (; ) is a machine which uses a powerful magnetic field generated by external magnets to confine plasma in the shape of an axially symmetrical torus. The tokamak is the leading candidate of magnetic confinement fusion designs being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power.

thumb|300px|"Evening Party" by Vladimir Makovsky (1897). Three generations of Russian intelligentsia discuss current issues. The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers. Conceptually, the intelligentsia status class arose in the late 18th century, during the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). Etymologically,

result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union on the Kola Peninsula

national space program of the Soviet Union

settlement with restrictions on ingress and egress

surface-to-air missile system

thumb|Modern radiosondes showing progress of miniaturisationthumb|A Global Positioning System|GPS sonde, approx 220 × 80 ×75 mm (8.7 × 3.1 × 3 in) (with grounding station in the background, used to perform a 'ground check' and also recondition the humidity sensor)

thumb|upright=1.35 |Trofim Lysenko speaking at the Kremlin in 1935; behind him are (left to right) [[Stanislav Kosior, Anastas Mikoyan, Andrei Andreev and Joseph Stalin]] Lysenkoism was a pseudoscientific political campaign led by the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting.

thumb|right|"The Geese", Academpark Technopark thumb|right|The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics right|thumb|Aerial view of Akademgorodok Akademgorodok (, "Academic Town") is a part of the Sovetsky District of the city of Novosibirsk, Russia, located south of the city center and about west of Koltsovo. It is the educational and scientific centre of Siberia.

surface-to-air missile system

over the horizon early warning radar

earthquake intensity scale

science academy

1960s mobile surface-to-air missile system

The Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications, commonly known as Intersputnik, is an international satellite communications services organization founded on 15 November 1971, in Moscow by the Soviet Union along with a group of seven formerly socialist states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Mongolia) and Cuba.

thumb|Sukhoi Company (JSC) head office/Sukhoi OKB OKB () is a transliteration of the Russian initials for "" (), which translates to "Experimental Design Bureau". It could also mean or "Special Design Bureau" in English. During the Soviet era, OKBs were closed institutions working on design and prototyping of advanced technology, usually for military applications. The corresponding English language term for such a bureau's activity is R&D or research and development.

Naukograd (, also technopole), meaning "science city", is a formal term for towns with high concentrations of research and development facilities in Russia and the Soviet Union, some specifically built by the Soviet Union for these purposes. Some of the towns were secret and were part of a larger system of closed cities in the USSR, many built by forced labour from the Soviet Gulag. In the Russian Federation in post-Soviet times, the term is used generally for about seventy towns that have concentrations of scientific research and production, and specifically, refers to a small number of towns

Ukrainian rocket and satellite designer

GOST () refers to a set of international technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Russian diamond mine

catadioptric telescope design

The NK-33 (GRAU index: 14D15) and its vacuum-optimized variant, the NK-43, were rocket engines developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Kuznetsov Design Bureau for the Soviet space program's ill-fated N1 Moon rocket. The NK-33 is among the most powerful LOX/RP-1 powered rocket engines ever built, noted for its high specific impulse and low structural mass.

Russian diamond mine

Soviet aircraft model

The International Astrophysical Observatory "GRANAT" (usually known as Granat; , lit. pomegranate), was a Soviet (later Russian) space observatory developed in collaboration with France, Denmark and Bulgaria. It was launched on 1 December 1989 aboard a Proton rocket and placed in a highly eccentric four-day orbit, of which three were devoted to observations. It operated for almost nine years.

surface-to-air missile system

soviet secret operation

company

Soviet nuclear delivery system

one of three major elements of Marxism- Leninism

Polywater was a hypothesized polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s, first described by Soviet scientist Nikolai Fedyakin. By 1969 the popular press had taken notice of Western attempts to recreate the substance and sparked fears of a "polywater gap" between the United States and Soviet Union. Increased press attention also brought with it increased scientific attention, and as early as 1970 doubts about its authenticity were being circulated. By 1973 it was found to be illusory, being just water with any number of common compounds c

thumb|right|The advanced Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour on this Indian Army T-90S is arranged in pairs of plates with a triangular profile Kontakt-5 is a type of second-generation explosive reactive armour (ERA) originating in the Soviet Union. Due to the shortcomings of Kontakt-1, NII Stali developed a new type of reactive armor, Kontakt-5, so that it also affects the penetration characteristics of APFSDS projectiles, unlike Kontakt-1. In addition, Kontakt-5 is not just additional armor, but is clearly integrated into the vehicle hull. The Kontakt-5 modules have a significantly thicker s

OGAS (, "National Automated System for Computation and Information Processing") was a Soviet project to create a nationwide information network. The project began in 1962 but was denied necessary funding in 1970. It was one of a series of socialist attempts to create a nationwide cybernetic network.

Soviet and Russian magazine focused on physics and mathematics

external fixator

Postulation that the Kartvelian languages of the Caucasus area are related to the Semitic languages of the Middle East; proposed by Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr in 1920s and 1930s, now seen as outdated

parasite aircraft project

Soviet goverment organization

Design Bureau

aircraft design bureau in USSR and Russia

sciences and research that were banned by the Societ Union

Elektronika, also spelt Electronika and Electronica (, "Electronics"), is the brand name used for many different electronic products built by factories belonging to the Soviet Ministry of Electronic Industry, including calculators, electronic watches, portable games, and radios. Many Elektronika designs were the result of efforts by Soviet engineers, who were working for the Soviet military–industrial complex but were challenged with producing consumer goods that were in great shortage in the Soviet Union. The brand is still in use in Belarus by Technochas.

rocket launch site in Kazakhstan

unsupported hypothesis about effects of quantum spin

Russian system for long range radio navigation

Soviet and Russian publishing house

chemical compound

Soviet missile defence system

Term

VASKhNIL (), the acronym for the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences or the V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (), was the Soviet Union's academy dedicated to agricultural sciences, operating from 1929 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992.

Physics-Uspekhi is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is an English translation of the Russian journal of physics, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (, Advances in Physical Sciences) which was established in 1918. The journal publishes long review papers which are intended to generalize and summarize previously published results, making them easier to use and to understand. The journal covers all topics of modern physics. The English version has existed since 1958, first under the name Soviet Physics Uspekhi and after 1993 as Physics-Uspekhi. The year 2008 marked the 90th birthday with a jubilee r

cipher used by Soviet spy Reino Häyhänen

thumb|ER9 elektrichka in Murom|alt=Green-and-orange electrified train thumb|"Ivolga" (EG2T) on Moscow Central Diameters

BIOS-3 is an experimental closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

industrial business group, conglomerate in the fortmer Soviet Union

Russian artillery and vehicle manufacturer

Soviet/Russian military enterprise