Science studies

study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge

branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science

The , better known as the Encyclopédie (), was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, an index, and translations. It had many contributors, known among contemporaries as the Encyclopédistes. It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, and population genetics. Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is closely related to evolutionary anthropology, human behavioral ecology, evolutionary psychology, and sociology.

former group of philosophers and scientists

1976 essay by Richard Dawkins

about how to distinguish between science and nonscience, including between science, pseudoscience, and other products of human activity, like art and literature, and beliefs

field of study in which society, politics and culture are studied in how scientific research and technological innovation affect them

theory within social science

1962 essay by Thomas Kuhn

interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts

thumb|Interpretation of the MEMEX at German Museum of Technology thumb|Vannevar Bush

thumb|Drawers of the Mundaneum's Universal Bibliographical System bibliographic index cards The Mundaneum was an institution which aimed to gather together all the world's knowledge and classify it according to a system known as the Universal Decimal Classification. It was developed at the turn of the 20th century by Belgian lawyers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine. The Mundaneum has been identified as a milestone in the history of data collection and management, and, albeit more tenuously, as a precursor to the Internet.

essay by Richard Dawkins

In science and history, consilience (also convergence of evidence or concordance of evidence) is the principle that evidence from independent, unrelated sources can "converge" on strong conclusions. That is, when multiple sources of evidence are in agreement, the conclusion can be very strong even when none of the individual sources of evidence is significantly so on its own. Most established scientific knowledge is supported by a convergence of evidence: if not, the evidence is comparatively weak, and there will probably not be a strong scientific consensus.

Performativity is the concept that language can function as a form of social action and have the effect of change. The concept has multiple applications in diverse fields such as anthropology, social and cultural geography, economics, gender studies (social construction of gender), law, linguistics, performance studies, history, management studies and philosophy.

Rede lecture held in 1959 by Charles Percy Snow (published as an essay in the same year), theorizing a splitting between two cultures (humanistic and scientific) in Western education patterns, as a major hindrance to solving the world's problems

1975 book by Paul Feyerabend

In common usage, technoscience refers to the entire long-standing and global human activity of technology, combined with the relatively recent scientific method that occurred primarily in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Technoscience is the study of how humans interact with technology using the scientific method. Technoscience thus comprises the history of human application of technology and modern scientific methods, ranging from the early development of basic technologies for hunting, agriculture, or husbandry (e.g. the well, the bow, the plow, the harness) and all the way through

a thesis in philosophy of science that says that all the sciences form a unified whole

aims to understand the impact of science on the advance of technology, to explain the behavior of scientists, and to understand the efficiency or inefficiency of scientific institutions.

Group of Einstein's friends in Bern

book

written work by Joseph Needham

book

tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of its funder

biography and festschrift for biologist Richard Dawkins

series of monographs published from 1938 to 1969

1976 book by Imre Lakatos

hypothesis that mediocre scientists contribute substantially to the advancement of science