Sculpture terms

thumb|Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|Abraham Lincoln statue, [[Lincoln Memorial (1920)]] A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal, glass, marble, or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as colossal statues.

thumb|Side view of Lorenzo Ghiberti's cast [[gilt-bronze Gates of Paradise at the Florence Baptistery in Florence, Italy, combining high-relief main figures with backgrounds mostly in low relief.]] thumb|upright=1.2|A common mixture of high and low relief, in the Roman Ara Pacis, placed to be seen from below. Low relief background. thumb|upright=1.2|A face of the high-relief Frieze of Parnassus round the base of the [[Albert Memorial in London. Most of the heads and many feet are completely undercut, but the torsos are "engaged" with the surface behind.]]

thumb|A marble copy of Polykleitos' [[Doryphoros, an early example of classical contrapposto.]] thumb|S-curve (art)

A pedestal, or plinth is a support at the bottom of a statue, vase, column, or certain altars. Smaller pedestals, especially if round in shape, may be called socles. In civil engineering, it is also called basement. The minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as 45 cm (for buildings). It transmits loads from superstructure to the substructure and acts as the retaining wall for the filling inside the plinth or raised floor.

thumb|Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with patina thumb|upright|The Dresden Frauenkirche. The church was destroyed during the [[bombing of Dresden in 1945 and rebuilt from 1993 to 2005 with new material; the stones with the black patina are the parts that survived the firebombing from the original 18th-century church.]] thumb|Pre-colonial copper coin formerly used in the Copper Belt ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia). The external layer has been weathered by moisture and rain, leading to the oxidation of copper.]]

thumb|130px|right|Iberians|Iberian protome of a ram, from the 3rd or 2nd century BC.

A hydraulophone is a tonal acoustic musical instrument played by direct physical contact with water (sometimes other fluids) where sound is generated or affected hydraulically. The hydraulophone was described and named by Steve Mann in 2005, and patented in 2011. Typically, sound is produced by the same hydraulic fluid in contact with the player's fingers. It has been used as a sensory exploration device for low-vision individuals.