Sedimentary rocks

thumb|Greensand (glauconitic sandstone) alt=This image shows a rock and the occurrence of glauconitic siltstone in the Serra da Saudade ridge, in the Alto Paranaíba region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil.|thumb|Occurrence of glauconitic siltstone in the Serra da Saudade ridge, in the Alto Paranaíba region, [[Minas Gerais, Brazil]] Greensand or green sand is a sand or sandstone which has a greenish color. This term is specifically applied to shallow marine sediment that contains noticeable quantities of rounded greenish grains. These grains are called glauconies and consist of a mixture of mixed-la

right|thumb|250px|Diamictite from Stolpe, eastern Germany thumb|250px|'Snowball Earth'-type diamictite from the Pocatello Formation, [[Idaho, United States]] thumb|250px|Boulder of diamictite of the Mineral Fork Formation, [[Antelope Island, Utah, United States]] thumb|Elatina Formation diamictite below Ediacaran GSSP site in the Flinders Ranges NP, South Australia. A$1 coin for scale.

thumb | right Lutite is old terminology, which is not widely used, by Earth scientists in field descriptions for fine-grained, sedimentary rocks, which are composed of silt-size sediment, clay-size sediment, or a mixture of both. When mixed with water lutites often disintegrate into mud. Because this is a field term, there is a lack of any precise definition for it based upon specific grain-size characteristics. Lutites include a variety of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, including calcisiltite, calcilutite, claystone, mudstone, shale, and siltstone. It is equivalent to the term mudstone and t

geological process by which a sediment progressively loses its porosity due to the effects of pressure from loading

blue grayish limestone found in Belgium, France and Germany

Rudite is a general name used for a sedimentary rock composed of rounded or angular detrital grains, i.e. granules, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, which are coarser than sand in size. Rudites include sedimentary rocks composed of both siliciclastic, i.e. conglomerate and breccia, and carbonate grains, i.e. calcirudite and rudstone. This term is equivalent to the Greek-derived term, psephite. Rudite was initially proposed by Grabau as "rudyte". It is derived from the Latin word rudus for "crushed stone", "rubbish", "debris", and "rubble".

thumb|Glacial Lake Missoula claystone thumb|Red mudrock in the Ragged Reef Formation (Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian), Cumberland Basin, Nova Scotia

sedimentary body with topographic relief composed of autochthonous calcareous deposits

thumb|300px|Ironstone (sandstone with iron oxides) from the Mississippian [[Breathitt Formation, Mile Marker 166, I-64, Kentucky]] Ironstone is a sedimentary rock, either deposited directly as a ferruginous sediment or created by chemical replacement, that contains a substantial proportion of an iron ore compound from which iron (Fe) can be smelted commercially.

thumb|240px|Spongolite texture, click to enlarge (2MB)

thumb|Originally proposed by Harold Wanless of the University of Illinois, to describe a Pennsylvanian-age rock succession in western Illinois

thumb|right|Holocene eolianite on [[Long Island, Bahamas.]] thumb|Eolianite, Horseshoe Bay, Bermuda

thumb|300px|right|Calcareous sandstone in [[Seven Sisters Country Park, England]]

thumb|upright=1.35|The Espinaso Formation includes a wide variety of volcaniclastic materials. Volcaniclastics are geologic materials composed of broken fragments (clasts) of volcanic rock. These encompass all clastic volcanic materials, regardless of what process fragmented the rock, how it was subsequently transported, what environment it was deposited in, or whether nonvolcanic material is mingled with the volcanic clasts. The United States Geological Survey defines volcaniclastics somewhat more narrowly, to include only rock composed of volcanic rock fragments that have been transported so

sedimentary rocks that have silica (SiO2) as the principal constituent

thumb|Jaspilite sample from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Supercrustal rock are rocks that were deposited on the existing basement rocks of the crzst, hence the name. They may be further metamorphosed from both sedimentary and volcanic rocks.

Duricrust is a hard layer on or near the surface of soil. Duricrusts can range in thickness from a few millimeters or centimeters to several meters.

sedimentary rocks with ferric oxides

Rock deformation mechanism involving minerals dissolution under mechanical stress

thumb|right|240px|alt=A brown rock or sediment face with horizontal layers, 18 of which are clearly visible. Some of the layers are obviously thicker than others - presumably the result of differences in annual deposition rates due to seasonal variations.|Pleistocene age varves at [[Scarborough Bluffs, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The thickest varves are close to 2 cm thick. ]] A rhythmite consists of layers of sediment or sedimentary rock which are laid down with an obvious periodicity and regularity. They may be created by annual processes such as seasonally varying deposits reflecting variatio

geological measurement

thumb|An example of fusain, charcoal that has been fossilized, found at a spoil pile from an underground coal mine in Grundy County, Illinois, US

type of fossil

thumb|300px|Silicified fossil shells

thumb|Cross beds in siliciclastic shoreface sediment (Agadir-Essaouira Basin, Morocco) Siliciclastic (or siliclastic) rocks are clastic noncarbonate sedimentary rocks that are composed primarily of silicate minerals, such as quartz or clay minerals. Siliciclastic rock types include mudrock, sandstone, and conglomerate.

thumb|right|Porcellanite from the Czech Republic

thumb|Intraclasts (marked "In") in the Carmel Formation (Middle [[Jurassic) near Gunlock, Utah.]]

In geology, a diachronism (Greek dia, "through" + chronos, "time" + -ism), or diachronous deposit, is a sedimentary rock formation in which the material, although of a similar nature, varies in age with the place where it was deposited.

pelagic sediment

sedimentary rock

biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor

geological deposits

body of sedimentary rock cutting vertically across rock layers

sedimentary rocks with high amounts of organic material

to what extent components of a soil are separated by size

thumb|upright=1.12|Silcrete (siliceous paleosol) in the Waddens Cove Formation (formed during the Pennsylvanian), Sydney Basin, [[Nova Scotia]] Silcrete is an indurated (resists crumbling or powdering) soil duricrust formed when surface soil, sand, and gravel are cemented by dissolved silica. The formation of silcrete is similar to that of calcrete, formed by calcium carbonate, and ferricrete, formed by iron oxide. It is a hard and resistant material, and though different in origin and nature, appears similar to quartzite. As a duricrust, there is potential for preservation of root structures

thumb|right|240px|Novaculite forms light grey Flatiron (geomorphology)|flatirons in the [[Marathon Uplift area of Texas. ]]