Slavery in al-Andalus

thumb|upright=1.3|The Rus trading slaves with the Khazars: Trade in the East Slavs|East Slavic Camp by Sergei Ivanov (1913). Many saqaliba slaves came from Europe to the Abbasid Caliphate by the Volga trade route from Eastern Europe via the Khazars and the Caspian Sea. thumb|Slavic and Black slaves in Córdoba; illustration from the Cantigas de Santa Maria thumb|Iron restraints, 11th or 12th century, from Neu Niekohr thumb|Hoard of Islamic silver coins (circa 820CE) discovered at [[Anklam, West Pomerania]] thumb|Slav, , Kraków. thumb|Grody czerwienskie (Czerwień Cities or Cherven Gords) szlaki

thumb|400px|Map of Eurasia showing the trade network of the Radhanites (in blue), , as reported in the account of [[Ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads and Kingdoms; other trade routes of the period are shown in purple.]]

thumb|The stronghold of Fraxinetum was located inside the Massif des Maures (the colored region in the map).

Spanish national myth

985 siege