Soil-based building materials

upright=1.35|thumb|Sand dunes in the [[Idehan Ubari, Libya]] thumb|Depiction of sands: glass, dune, quartz, volcanic, biogenic coral, pink coral,volcanic, garnet, olivine.Samples are from the Gobi Desert, [[Estonia, Hawaii and the mainland United States. (1×1 cm each)]]

thumb|A single brick thumb|A wall constructed in glazed-headed Flemish bond brickwork pattern, with various shades and lengths

Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, ). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour from small amounts of iron oxide.

thumb|upright=1.35|A pair of muddy Wellington boot|Wellington boots thumb|Gamo mud volcano in Tokamachi, Japan Mud (, or Middle Dutch) is loam, silt or clay mixed with water. Mud is usually formed after rainfall or near water sources. Ancient mud deposits hardened over geological time to form sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites). When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries, the resultant layers are termed bay muds. Mud has also been used for centuries as a construction resource for mostly houses and also used as a binder. An Old English word for it

thumb|A lump of peat thumb|Peat stacks in Südmoslesfehn (Oldenburg (district)|district of Oldenburg, Germany) in 2013 thumb|Peat gatherers at Westhay, [[Somerset Levels in 1905]] thumb|Peat extraction in East Frisia, Germany in 1987

thumb|upright=1.35|Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about )

workable paste used to bind building blocks

thumb|upright|Traditional laterite temple in Kerala thumb|upright|alt=This monument is constructed of laterite brickstones. It commemorates Buchanan who first described laterite at this site.|Monument of laterite brickstones at Angadipuram, [[Kerala, India, which commemorates where laterite was first described and discussed by Buchanan-Hamilton in 1807]]

thumb|New, unlaid mudbricks in the Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley, [[West Bank Palestine, 2011]] right|thumb|Mudbrick was used for the construction of Elamite [[ziggurats—some of the world's largest and oldest constructions. Choqa Zanbil, a 13th-century BCE ziggurat in Iran, is similarly constructed from clay bricks combined with burnt bricks.]]

thumb|Adobe wall (detail) in Bahillo, Palencia, Spain thumb|Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in [[Chamisal, New Mexico]] thumb|Adobe walls separate urban gardens in Shiraz, Iran

thumb|Turf rolls

substrate suitable for hydroculture applications

technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls by compacting a damp mixture of sub soil

standard size rectangular block used in building construction

thumb|300px|Residents and volunteers work to fill sandbags during the Great Flood of 1993|Mississippi and Missouri river floods of 1993. thumb|300px|Members of the Georgia National Guard filling sandbags in preparation for floods.

building technique using woven wooden supports packed with clay or mud

natural building material made from subsoil, water, some kind of fibrous organic material (typically straw)

building material

thumb|Mulberry harbour remains at [[Arromanches]] thumb|Lambot's original 1848 bateau in the Brignoles Museum in France. thumb|Ferrocement hull under construction thumb|A particularly fair ferrocement vessel, the staysail schooner "Rich Harvest"

floor made of earth

A sod roof, or turf roof, is a traditional Scandinavian type of green roof covered with sod on top of several layers of birch bark on gently sloping wooden roof boards.

building material typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope

Quincha is a traditional construction system that uses, fundamentally, wood and cane or giant reed forming an earthquake-proof framework that is covered in mud and plaster.

thumb|right|300px|Cal-Earth polypropylene tubes (sandbags) being used to construct domed structures thumb|right|300px|Superadobe Construction

applied subdiscipline of chemistry

Type of plaster

Building method