States and territories disestablished in 1809

territories mostly in the Appenine Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope between 756–1870

Saxe-Weimar () was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the Wettin dynasty in present-day Thuringia. The chief town and capital was Weimar. The Weimar branch was the most genealogically senior extant branch of the House of Wettin.

Saxe-Eisenach () was an Ernestine duchy ruled by the Saxon House of Wettin. The state intermittently existed at three different times in the Thuringian region of the Holy Roman Empire. The chief town and capital of all three duchies was Eisenach.

aspect of Swedish and Finnish history

autonomous region of Ottoman Empire (1774 - 1809)