Structural system

A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses generally have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more

A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or serves a decorative purpose. There are various types of walls, including border barriers between countries, brick walls, defensive walls in fortifications, and retaining walls that hold back dirt, stone, water, or noise. Walls can also be found in buildings, where they support roofs, floors, and ceilings, enclose spaces, and provide shelter and security.

thumb|Roofs in the central district of Ystad 2022

A skyscraper is a tall building with many habitable floors. Most modern sources define skyscrapers as being at least or in height, though there is no universally accepted definition, other than being very tall high-rise buildings. Skyscrapers may host offices, hotels, residential spaces, and retail spaces. Skyscrapers are a common feature of large cities, especially in the Americas, Asia, and Australia, often due to a high demand for space and limited availability of land.

thumb|right|upright=1|National Capitol Columns at the [[United States National Arboretum in Washington, D.C.]] thumb|right|upright=1|Columns of the Parliament House, Helsinki|Parliament House in [[Helsinki, Finland]] thumb|right|upright=1|Column of the Gordon Monument in Waterloo. A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of t

A floor is the bottom surface of a room or vehicle. Floors vary from simple dirt in a cave to many layered surfaces made with modern technology. Floors may be stone, wood, bamboo, metal, or any other material that can support the expected load.

structural element capable of withstanding loads by resisting bending

building technique, construction method using heavy squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers

four-sided gambrel-style hip roof

architectural upright support for a structure or superstructure

thumb|Truss bridge for a single-track railway, converted to pedestrian use and pipeline support. In this example the truss is a group of triangular units supporting the bridge. thumb|Typical detail of a steel truss, which is considered as a revolute joint thumb|Historical detail of a steel truss with an actual revolute joint A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure.

watertight body of a ship or boat

thumb|right|Bending of an -beam

thumb|A schematic image of three types of cantilever. The top example has a full moment connection (like a horizontal flagpole bolted to the side of a building). The middle example is created by an extension of a simple supported beam (such as the way a Springboard|diving board is anchored and extends over the edge of a swimming pool). The bottom example is created by adding a [[Robin boundary condition to the beam element, which essentially adds an elastic spring to the end board. The top and bottom example may be considered structurally equivalent, depending on the effective stiffness of the

thumb|Common rafters without collar beams form most of this roof. There is not always a ridge board or beam where the rafter tops meet. Under the midsections of the rafters are purlins which support the common rafters and are supported by principal rafters. This roof ends in an octagonal hip. thumb|A double roof (using a Norman truss), common rafters supported by principal rafters (top chords in this case) and an unusual extra layer of common rafters on the lower half to form a gallerie. Note how the rafter poles for the gallerie tie-in. The Bequet-Ribault House was built c. 1793 near Ste. Gen

building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place

large plate or washer connected to a tie rod or bolt

thumb|Van's RV-14 cutaway showing its airframe

thumb|Ceiling of Hinkle Fieldhouse in [[Indianapolis, Indiana, is constructed of large trusses built of riveted girders]]

architectural structure in the shape of a partial hyperboloid

lightweight constructions using shell elements

thumb|A view of a roof using common purlin framing. The purlins are marked in red. This view is from the inside of the building, below the roof. The rafters are the beams of wood angled upward from the ground. They meet at the top of the gable at a ridge beam (also ridge purlin or roof-tree), which has extra bracing to attach it to the rafters. The purlins are the large beams perpendicular to the rafters; from this shot, it appears that there are three purlins on either side of the roof. The sheathing boards are sometimes called the roof deck and are painted white. A purlin (or historically pu

main supporting structure of a motor vehicle

in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape

wall that bears a load resting upon it

thumb|Relief of Borobudur Temple (8th century AD) in [[Central Java, Indonesia, showing a ship with outrigger]] thumb|Outrigger on a contemporary Hawaiian sailing canoeAn outrigger is a projecting structure on a boat, with specific meaning depending on types of vessel. Outriggers may also refer to legs on a wheeled vehicle that are folded out when it needs stabilization, for example on a crane that lifts heavy loads. ==Powered vessels and sailboats==

thumbnail|upright=1.35|A single floor or simple set of joists. If the joists land directly above the Wall stud|studs they are stacked. A joist is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system, joists serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheathing, allowing it to function as a horizontal diaphragm. Joists are often doubled or tripled, placed side by side, where conditions warrant, such as where wall partitions require support.

bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached

load-resisting sub-system of a structure

vertical framing member in a building's wall of smaller cross section than a post

structure made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material, with evenly spaced openings between them

means of protecting a structure against earthquake

term in structural engineering

temporary structural element used during construction

load-bearing member in timber construction

structural element in solid mechanics

thumb|Barn with a gambrel roof thumb|A cross-sectional diagram of a mansard roof, which is a hipped gambrel roof

Diagram in mechanics

thumb|A vehicle frame#Ladder frame|ladder frame thumb|A 2007 Toyota Tundra chassis holding the vehicle's engine, drivetrain, suspension and wheels. thumb|The BMW i3 (hatchback)|BMW i3 electric car is one of the rare modern passenger cars with a separate body and frame design (2013).

oblong object, placed vertically (or somewhat obliquely), the width being approximately the same over the entire length

type of roof

building that is only a few stories tall

wall construction from pieces of wood that are permanently fixed with mortar or clay

thumb|Base of 30 St Mary Axe, London, UK thumb|The world's first hyperboloid structure|world's first diagrid hyperboloid structure in Polibino, Russia thumb|MyZeil, Frankfurt, Germany thumb|CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China

thumb|Ancient example of partial bohlenständerkonstruktion from the 13th century in Dornbirn, Austria thumb| Bunge Museum in Gotland, 17th century. The wall planks fit into grooves in the posts. thumb|A 17th century barn recognized as a cultural heritage monument in Bassum, Germany. Note the wattle-work for ventilation. thumb|Reconstruction of building remains found at Biskupin, Poland. from circa 738 B.C. thumb|Bulhus in Gotland

thin structural element which supports loads perpendicular to its surface

construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending

structure composed of a relatively thin shell of concrete

framing system made of extruded aluminum

structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure

thumb|Arch ring and falsework, 1932

thumb|250px|The steel gridshell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), [[Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, 1897]] thumb|right|Multihalle in Mannheim, a wooden gridshell structure designed by [[Frei Otto]] right|thumb|Interior of the gridshell Savill Building thumb|right|Solidays Forum: a 350 m2 glassfibre composite material elastic gridshell, Paris, France, 2011 thumb|right|Ephemeral Cathedral: a 400 m2 glassfibre composite material elastic gridshell, Créteil, France, 2013

building system where horizontal elements (beams or lintels) are held up by vertical elements (posts)

An earthscraper is a building that provides multiple stories of permanent space below ground where people may live: the inverse of very tall high-rise buildings. Though humans have been building structures underground for centuries, such dwellings are generally called Earth shelters, and typically are only one or two stories deep at most. It is the number or depth of below ground stories that distinguish an earthscraper.

thumb|right|250px|Cruck framing, Leigh Court Barn, Worcester, England thumb|The Moirlanich Longhouse, a byre dwelling with a cruck frame A cruck or crook frame is a curved timber, one of a pair, which support the roof of a building, historically used in England and Wales. This type of timber framing consists of long, generally naturally curved, timber members that lean inwards and form the ridge of the roof. These posts are then generally secured by a horizontal beam which then forms an "A" shape. Several of these "crooks" are constructed on the ground and then lifted into position. They are t

concrete flooring structural system

system to resist lateral loads in structural engineering

architectural element

Wikimedia list article

thumb|A bundwerk barn or stadel thumb|left|A bundwerk stadel (detail) thumb|Bundwerk detail on a farmhouse in Glonn Bundwerk is a method of building with timber that was used especially in the 19th century in Austria, South Tyrol and Bavaria. After log construction and timber framing, bundwerk is one of the most widespread forms of timber building techniques. It involved using wooden beams that were arranged partly in a lattice or diagonally over a cross. It often decorated the front and gable sides of agricultural buildings, frequently the grain barn or Stadel of quadrangular farms (Vierseith