Systems ecology

thumb|upright=1.35|The tectonic plates of the lithosphere on Earth thumb|upright=1.35|Earth cutaway from center to surface, the lithosphere comprising the crust and lithospheric mantle (detail not to scale)

thumb|This coral reef in the [[Phoenix Islands Protected Area provides habitat for numerous marine species.]] thumb|Few creatures make the ice shelf|ice shelves of [[Antarctica their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions.]] thumb| Ibex in an alpine habitat

thumb|upright=1.3|Lake Hāwea, New Zealand

thumb|upright=1.5|A garden cultivated on permaculture principles

benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems

science of relationships between ecological processes in the environmental landscape and particular ecosystems

thumb|right|300px| Cyanobacterial Microbial mat|mat dominated by [[Anabaena sp. (heterocystous) in the Mayotte lagoon at 14 m depth. These cyanobacteria fix nitrogen and influence redox conditions, contributing to biogeochemical cycling in marine environments.]]

protected pathway for animals connecting wild territories

ecological community that has reached its final steady state

management of human interaction with the environment

statement that growth is dictated by the scarcest resource

among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems

ecosystem in a body of water

study of material and energy flows through industrial systems

bottleneck variable limiting the evolution of a system

subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems

changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two or more habitats

any animal that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat

ecosystem that does not exchange matter with the exterior

set of processes exchanging nutrients between parts of a system

measure of the variety of biological communities and habitats important for ecological stability

required to produce any goods or services

ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains

study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions

A bioeffector is a viable microorganism or active natural compound which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production.

application of ecological concepts for modeling the information society

network of interconnected organizations

Macroecology is a subfield in ecology that uses a methodological approach that investigates the empirical patterns and mechanistic processes by which the particulate components of complex ecological systems generate emergent structures and dynamics Unlike traditional ecology, which focuses on local and small-scale interactions, macroecology seeks to identify general emergent patterns within and across spatial and temporal scales.

form of consulting to ensure the client maintains an appropriate measure of compliance with environmental regulations

structure of civilization

holistic approach to the study of ecological systems

ability of an ecosystem to recover from damage

species interactions that benefit at least one of the participants and cause harm to neither

model for simulation of ecological relations and effects

ecogeographical principle

attributes of ecosystems which signify their health

human-built, modified, or engineered niches of the Anthropocene

transportation of raw materials, pre-fabricates, parts, components, integrated objects and final products as a flow of entities