Tanzimat

The '''''' (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, and Fuad Pasha, under Sultans Abdul Mejid and Abdul Aziz, the reforms sought to reverse the empire's decline by modernizing legal, military, and administrative systems while promoting Ottomanism (equality for all subjects). Though secular courts, modern education, and infrastructure like railways, were introduced, the reforms faced r

Ottoman administrator and statesman (1814–1869)

1839 Ottoman edict

Ottoman statesman, diplomat and reformer (1814–1883)

1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms

first fully Turkish-language newspaper