Targums

thumb|275px|11th century Hebrew Bible with targum, perhaps from Tunisia, found in [[Iraq: part of the Schøyen Collection]] A targum (, interpretation, translation, version; plural: targumim) was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the ) that a professional translator ( mǝṯurgǝmān) would give in the common language of the listeners when that was not Biblical Hebrew. This had become necessary near the end of the first century BCE, as the common language was Aramaic, while Hebrew was used for little more than schooling and worship. The translator frequently expanded

edition of the Tanakh with the classic Jewish commentaries

aramaic translation of the Five Books of Moses

2nd-cent. Aramaic Nevi'im translation

Aramaic elaboration of Esther

Western targum of the Torah

Jewish religious practice

phrase from the Targum and New Testament