Tourette syndrome

neurodevelopmental condition

French neurologist (1825–1893)

Echolalia is the repetition of vocalizations made by another person; when repeated by the same person, it is called palilalia. In its profound form it is automatic and effortless. It is one of the echophenomena, closely related to echopraxia, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person; both are "subsets of imitative behavior" whereby sounds or actions are imitated "without explicit awareness". Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.

Coprolalia ( ) is involuntary swearing or the involuntary utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks. The word comes from the Greek (), meaning "dung, feces", and () "speech", from () "to talk".

French physician (1774-1838)

surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker

French physician (1857-1904)

Echopraxia (also known as echokinesis) is the involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions. Similar to echolalia, the involuntary repetition of sounds and language, it is one of the echophenomena ("automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness"). It has long been recognized as a core feature of Tourette syndrome, and is considered a complex tic, but it also occurs in autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and catatonia, aphasia, and disorders involving the startle reflex such as latah. Echopraxia has also been observed in individuals with epilepsy, dementia and au

Palilalia, a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. It has features resembling other complex tics such as echolalia or coprolalia, but, unlike other aphasias, palilalia is based upon contextually correct speech.

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is a controversial hypothetical diagnosis for a subset of children with rapid onset of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) or tic disorders coming immediately after a Streptococcus infection. Symptoms are proposed to be caused by group A streptococcal (GAS), and more specifically, group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections. OCD and tic disorders are hypothesized to arise in a subset of children as a result of a post-streptococcal autoimmune process. The proposed link between infection

scatological humour found in writings and compositions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Tourette syndrome researcher

Copropraxia is a tic consisting of involuntarily performing obscene or forbidden gestures, or inappropriate touching. The word comes from the Greek (), meaning "feces", and (), meaning "action". Copropraxia is a rare characteristic of Tourette syndrome. Related terms are coprolalia, referring to involuntary usage of profane words, and coprographia, making vulgar writings or drawings.

SLITRK1 ("SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 1") is a human gene that codes for a transmembrane signalling protein that is part of the SLITRK gene family, which is responsible for synapse regulation and presynaptic differentiation in the brain. Expression of the gene has been linked to early formation of excitatory synapses through binding with receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP (LAR-RPTP). Various studies over the years have linked mutations in the gene to conditions on the OCD spectrum, Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania, however the mutations in the genome itself vary greatly between indi

Coprographia is involuntarily making vulgar writings or drawings. The word comes from the Greek (), meaning "feces", and (), meaning "writing". Related terms are coprolalia, the involuntary usage of obscene and/or profane words, and copropraxia, the involuntary performance of obscene gestures. It should not be confused with the behavior of smearing actual feces, which is called scatolia.