Toxicology

medical condition

toxic type of household and industrial paint

adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure

Toxicogenomics is a subdiscipline of pharmacology that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within a particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to exposure to toxic substances. Toxicogenomics combines toxicology with genomics or other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Toxicogenomics endeavors to elucidate the molecular mechanisms evolved in the expression of toxicity, and to derive molecular expression patterns (i.e., molecular biomarkers) that predict

thumb|Example representation of the environmental factors characterizing the exposome The exposome is a concept used to describe environmental exposures that an individual encounters throughout life, and how these exposures impact biology and health. It encompasses both external and internal factors, including chemical, physical, biological, and social factors that may influence human health. In 2023, the Banbury Exposomic Consortium established a consensus definition of the exposome as, "Briefly, the exposome is posited as an integrated compilation of all physical, chemical, biological, and (

NMDA receptor antagonist neurotoxicity

thumb|300x300px|Phytotoxic effects of the fungus Rhytisma acerinum on a Maple leaf. Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. Changes to plant metabolism and growth are the result of disrupted physiological functioning, including inhibition of photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake, cell division, or seed germination.

nontoxic or minimally toxic gas which can displace oxygen in breathing air

A toxicant is any toxic substance, whether artificial or naturally occurring. By contrast, a toxin is a poison produced naturally by an organism (e.g. plant, animal, insect, bacterium). The different types of toxicants can be found in the air, soil, water, or food.

category of substances

Toxicokinetics (often abbreviated as 'TK') is the description of both what rate a chemical will enter the body and what occurs to excrete and metabolize the compound once it is in the body.

secret research facility

thumb|right|210px|Amurca pit at one oil mill, in the province of Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén. Amurca is the Latin name for the bitter-tasting, dark-colored, watery sediment that settles out of unfiltered olive oil over time. It has been known in English as "olive oil lees" and recently as "olive mill waste water (OMWW)". Historically, amurca was used for numerous purposes, as first described by Cato the Elder in De Agri Cultura, and later by Pliny the Elder. Cato the Elder mentions its uses as a building material, pesticide, herbicide, dietary supplement for oxen and trees, food preservative

Acrodynia is a medical condition which occurs due to mercury poisoning. The condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet is due to exposure or ingesting of mercury. It was known as pink disease (due to these symptoms) before it was accepted that it was just mercury poisoning. The word acrodynia is derived from the , which means end or extremity, and , which means pain. As such, it might be (erroneously) used to indicate that a patient has pain in the hands or feet. The condition is known by various other names including hydrargyria, mercurialism, erythredema, erythredem

Toxinology is a subfield of toxicology dedicated to toxic substances produced by or occurring in living organisms.

thumb|right| Pesticide distribution

dose at which toxicity occurs in 50% of cases

Baritosis is a benign type of pneumoconiosis, which is caused by long-term exposure to the dust of insoluble compounds of barium, such as ground baryte ore.

United States government program

Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of the toxicity of foreign substances called xenobiotics and their effects on the immune system. Some toxic agents that are known to alter the immune system include: industrial chemicals, heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, drugs, ultraviolet radiation, air pollutants and some biological materials. The effects of these immunotoxic substances have been shown to alter both the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system. Consequences of xenobiotics affect the organ initially in contact (often the lungs or skin). Some comm

medical specialty

over-stimulation at a neuromuscular junction due to an excess of acetylcholine

Bioanalysis is a sub-discipline of analytical chemistry covering the quantitative measurement of xenobiotics (drugs and their metabolites, and biological molecules in unnatural locations or concentrations) and biotics (macromolecules, proteins, DNA, large molecule drugs, metabolites) in biological systems.

In aquatic toxicology, bioconcentration is the accumulation of a water-borne chemical substance in an organism exposed to the water.

substance with toxic effects after continuous or repeated exposure

Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal.

chemical substance that is hazardous to humans or the environment

toxicology adage

upper limit on the acceptable concentration of a hazardous substance

Wikimedia list article

class of chemical compounds

lowest dosage that is toxic

thumb|321x321px Cross-resistance is when something develops resistance to several substances that have a similar mechanism of action. For example, if a certain type of bacteria develops antimicrobial resistance to one antibiotic, that bacteria will also have resistance to several other antibiotics that target the same protein or use the same route to get into the bacterium. A real example of cross-resistance occurred for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, which are both quinolone antibiotics. When bacteria developed resistance to ciprofloxacin, they also developed resistance to nalidixic acid b

medical condition

Modeling the body's responses to drugs

medical condition

toxiciology of substances found in workplaces

study of an organism's contact with chemical, physical, biological agents or other health risk occurring in their environments

toxicology relationship between the concentration of a poisonous gas and duration breathed

process of estimating or measuring the magnitude, frequency and duration of exposure to a potentially harmful agent

database about hazardous chemical substances

collection

pesticide classification system

Water purity rating based on fecal bacteria content