Transport phenomena

transport of thermal energy in physical systems

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion exhibiting chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers.

transfer of internal energy within a body due to particle collisions & electron movements

system of nonlinear partial differential equations describing the motion of viscous fluids

In the fields of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties such as energy. An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk water flow downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as wat

thumb|Capillary tube assay for chemotaxis. Motile prokaryotes sense chemicals in their environment and change their motility accordingly. Absent chemicals, movement is completely random. When an attractant or repellent is present, runs become longer and tumbles become less frequent. The result is net movement towards or away from the chemical (i.e., up or down the chemical gradient). The net movement can be seen in the beaker, where the bacteria accumulate around the origin of the attractant, and away from the origin of the repellent. Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an orga

overview about physical and chemical properties of pure water

equation describing the flow of a fluid through a porous medium

exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between observed and studied systems

net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning a stream, phase, fraction or component, to another

equation of statistical mechanics

membrane transport that occurs down an electrochemical gradient and does not require energy

thumb|250px|The image on the left shows effusion, whereas the image on the right shows Molecular diffusion|diffusion. Effusion occurs through an orifice smaller than the mean free path of the particles in motion, whereas diffusion occurs through an opening in which multiple particles can flow through simultaneously.|alt=

partial differential equation

proportionality constant in some physical laws

net transport of surface water perpendicular to wind direction

thumb|Electromigration (red arrow) is due to the momentum transfer from the electrons moving in a wire Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the structure size in electronics such as integrated circuits (ICs) decreases, the practical significance of this effect increases.

movement of solid particles, typically by gravity and fluid entrainment

thumb|A comparison of transport proteins An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is an integral membrane protein that uses secondary active transport to move two or more molecules in opposite directions across a phospholipid membrane. It is a type of cotransporter, which means that uses the energetically favorable movement of one molecule down its electrochemical gradient to power the energetically unfavorable movement of another molecule up its electrochemical gradient. This is in contrast to symporters, which are another type of cotransporter that moves two or more ions

combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations

application of conservation of mass to the analysis of physical systems

right|thumb|250px|Comparison of transport proteins

thumb|Fouling on a heat exchanger in a steam [[power plant]] thumb|Condenser (steam turbine)|Condenser tube with residues of [[biofouling (cut open)]]

equation used to calculate the electromigration of ions in a fluid

process of fluid flow becoming turbulent

optical method of measuring fluid flow

partial differential equation describing the time evolution of plasma

thermal motion of liquid or gas particles at temperatures above absolute zero

dimensionless parameter that compares the rate of reaction in a liquid film to the rate of diffusion through the film

Cotransporters are a subcategory of membrane transport proteins (transporters) that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient. They enable coupled or cotransport (secondary active transport) and include antiporters and symporters. In general, cotransporters consist of two out of the three classes of integral membrane proteins known as transporters that move molecules and ions across biomembranes. Uniporters are also transporters but move only one type of molecule down its concent

Analogy in fluid dynamics

transportation of substances via membrane

quotient of mass flux density and mass density