Types of monuments and memorials

thumb|Pyramid of Khafre, Egypt, built A pyramid (, from the Egyptian , the vertical height of the structure) is a structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be of any polygon shape, such as triangular or quadrilateral, and its surface-lines either filled or stepped.

thumb|299x299px|The 12th-century Angkor Wat temple complex in [[Cambodia is the largest religious structure in the world and is dedicated to the Hindu deity Vishnu.]] thumb|right|300px|Borobudur temple, the largest [[Buddhist temple in the world, located in Central Java, Indonesia.]] thumb|300x300px|The Erechtheion in [[Athens, Greece, is associated with some of the most ancient and holy relics of the Athenians, such as the Palladion, a xoanon of Athena Polias]] thumb|300x300px|Ram Mandir at [[Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India, dedicated to Hindu deity Rama. The temple was opened on 22 January 202

In Buddhism, a stupa (, ) is a domed hemispherical structure containing several types of sacred relics, including images, statues, metals, and śarīra—the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns. It is used as a place of pilgrimage and meditation.

thumb|One of the two Luxor Obelisks, on the [[Place de la Concorde in Paris; a red granite monolithic column, high, including the base, which weighs over .]] thumb|Lateran Obelisk in Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano, [[Rome. With its height of (with the base and the cross it reaches 45.70 m) it is the largest standing ancient monolithic obelisk in the world.]]

thumb|Poulnabrone dolmen, [[the Burren, County Clare, Ireland]] thumb|Dolmens in Amudalavalasa|Amadalavalasa, [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]

thumb|300px|Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle in England is one of the largest hillforts in Europe. Photograph taken in 1935 by Major George Allen (1891–1940).

right|thumb|Example of a mastaba, the Mastabat al-Fir'aun of [[Shepseskaf]] A mastaba ( , or ), also mastabah or mastabat) is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mudbricks or limestone. These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. Non-royal use of mastabas continued for over a thousand years.

natural or natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value

thumb|upright=1.2|A cairn a mile east of Nine Standards Rigg in the Yorkshire Dales.

thumb|200px|Nuraghe Losa thumb|200px|Central tower of the Nuraghe Santu Antine of Torralba thumb|200px|Su Nuraxi (Barumini)|Nuraghe "Su Nuraxi" The nuraghe, or nurhag, is the main type of ancient megalithic edifice found in Sardinia, Italy, developed during the Nuragic Age between 1900 and 730 BC. Today it has come to be the symbol of Sardinia and its distinctive culture known as the Nuragic civilization. More than 7,000 nuraghes have been found, though archeologists believe that originally there were more than 10,000.

thumb|upright=1.1| for the Feder family in Kolín, Czech Republic thumb|upright=1.1| installation in Amsterdam Beethovenstraat 55 on 3 October 2018 A '''''' (; plural ; in English "stumbling block") is a concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution. The project, initiated by the German artist Gunter Demnig in 1992, aims to commemorate persons at the last place that they chose freely to reside, work or study (with exceptions possible on a case-by-case basis) before they fell victim to Nazi terror, forced euthanasia, eu

continuously burning fire or lamp

plate or tablet, fixed to a surface or freestanding, commemorating an event, person, place, etc.

thumb|280px|The Jerash nymphaeum

thumb|An inuksuk at the Foxe Peninsula, [[Nunavut, Canada]]

monument of standing stones arranged in a circle

thumb|Replica of a placed by Diogo Cão on Cape Cross, Namibia.

roadside memorial for a person killed while cycling consisting of a bicycle painted white

thumb|right|The three aligned henges of the Thornborough Henges complex A henge can be one of three related types of Neolithic earthwork. The essential characteristic of all three is that they feature a ring-shaped bank and ditch, with the ditch inside the bank. Because the internal ditches would have served defensive purposes poorly, henges are not considered to have been defensive constructions (cf. circular rampart).

A mammisi (mamisi) is an ancient Egyptian small chapel attached to a larger temple (usually in front of the pylons), built from the Late Period, and associated with the nativity of a god. The word is derived from Coptic – the last phase of the ancient Egyptian language – meaning "birth place". Its usage is attributed to the French egyptologist Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832).

memorial for the victims of a war

naval victory column type

civic initiative to commemorate the victims of repressions in the Soviet Union

type of burial mound

spring or other small body of water revered either in a Pagan or Christian context, often both

monument in the form of a column

linear arrangement of upright, parallel megalithic standing stones

statue on top of a tomb, depicting the occupant

upright=1.2|thumb|Burning of Judas|Burning of Judas Iscariot, Brazil, 1909 thumb|upright=1.2|Effigy of Ravana, a figure from the [[Ramayana, with burning sparklers, in Manchester, England, in 2006]] An effigy is a sculptural representation, often life-size, of a specific person or a prototypical figure. The term is mostly used for the makeshift dummies used for symbolic punishment in political protests and for the figures burned in certain traditions around New Year, Carnival and Easter. In European cultures, effigies were used in the past for punishment in formal justice when the perpetrator

Neolithic earthworks

type of carved standing stone

monument of ancient days

hitching post used by Buryats and Yakuts

structure marking a market square

designated structure representing national identity

type of memorial

thumb|260px|Trajan's Kiosk on Agilkia Island

type of statue

archaeological monuments dedicated to Jupiter common in Roman Germania

thumb|upright=1.1|A view of the Stonehenge Cursus , drawn by their documenter and namer of the structures, William Stuckley in 1740 Cursuses are monumental Neolithic enclosure structures comprising parallel banks with external ditches or trenches. Found only in the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, relics within them indicate that they were built between 3400 and 3000 BC, making them among the oldest monumental structures on the islands. The name 'cursus' was suggested in 1723 by the antiquarian William Stukeley, who compared the Stonehenge cursus to a Roman chariot-racing track, or circus

architectural structure

marker on a street that commemorates a site where a person died

monument

Mustatils are monuments from Prehistoric Arabia, made of sandstone walls, found in northwestern region of modern-day Saudi Arabia.

large visual representation created by cutting into a steep hillside

rings of upright wooden posts

type of tumulus

stone circle incorporating a large monolith, known as a recumbent, lying on its side

Farmhouse of Neolithic Japan

commemorative mark or monument to plague victims

visible and physical memorial and recognition of people

bench which commemorates something

thumb|Souterrain on Canna, Scotland|Canna in the [[Hebrides]] thumb|upright=1.3|Panoramic view of a souterrain contemporary with a ringfort dating to around 700 AD, built within a much earlier barrow cemetery, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland Souterrain (from French ''''), meaning "subterrain", is a name given by archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated mainly with the European Atlantic Iron Age.

ancient funerary monument, the most numerous form of round barrow

directional marker on a road or footpath