Urban geography

A city is a human settlement of a substantial size. The term "city" has different meanings around the world and in some places the settlement can be very small. Even where the term is limited to larger settlements, there is no universally agreed definition of the lower boundary for their size. In a narrower sense, a city can be defined as a permanent and densely populated place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, production of goods,

thumb| Bourton-on-the-Water, a village in [[England.]] thumb|right|Pacentro, [[Italy]] thumb|Strochitsy, [[Belarus, pictured 2008]] thumb|Pornainen, [[Finland]] thumb|An Swiss Alps|Alpine village in the [[Lötschental valley, Switzerland]] thumb|A Berber people|Berber village in Ourika valley, [[High Atlas, Morocco]] A village is a human settlement or a residential community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousands. Although villages are often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain

administrative unit of a dense urban core and its satellite cities

thumb|upright=1.35|New York City|New York has garnered the nickname Metropolis to describe the city in the daytime in popular culture, contrasting with Gotham, sometimes used to describe New York at night. thumb|upright=1.35|Skyline of Jakarta, the world's most populous metropolis thumb|upright=1.35|Skyline of London, which was once the [[metropole of the British Empire]]

A slum is a derogatory term for a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inhabited by impoverished people.

type of urban populated place

subdiscipline of geography concentrating on urban areas

thumb|Cycling as a form of commuting thumb|Rush hour at Shinjuku Station, [[Tokyo]]

UN agency for human settlements and sustainable urban development

branch of geography studying movement of people, goods and information

The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, their metropolitan regions, or the extent of their urban area. A complicating factor is that many large cities in the world have not only homeless or the unhoused, but also vast slum communities. This leads to official census data being less accurate in representing the actual number of residents in a given area.

geographical theory explaining the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system

Counterurbanization, ruralization, or deurbanization is a demographic and social process in which people move from urban areas to rural areas. It, as suburbanization, is inversely related to urbanization, and first occurs as a reaction to inner-city deprivation. Recent research has documented the social and political drivers of counterurbanization and its impacts in China and other developing countries which are undergoing a process of mass urbanization. Counterurbanization is one of the causes that can lead to shrinking cities.

thumb|right|The Pentapolis on the Adriatic was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, an administrative unit of the [[Byzantine Empire.Red: The Pentapolis. Orange: Other cities of the Exarchate.]]

elongated urban plan consisting of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors

studies of the shape of urban spaces

arrangement of land use in urban areas

thumb|Novotroitsk, a monotown in [[Orenburg Oblast, Russia]]

type of small city in Georgia

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area for semi-permanent and mobile homes

thumb|right|The red circles indicate the possible regiopolises in Germany.

average time spent by a person for commuting each day

thumb|270px|right|Mountain valleys of industrialised countries (e.g. Inn valley) are often periurbanised. thumb|270px|right|The periurbanised Swiss Limmat valley. thumb|Hospital in a peri-urban area in Gijón. Peri-urbanisation relates to the processes of scattered and dispersive urban growth that create hybrid landscapes of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Such areas may be referred to as the rural–urban fringe, the outskirts or the urban hinterland.

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type of rural settlement in Eastern Europe

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place where the street is flanked by buildings on both sides, creating a canyon-like environment

Previously inhabited areas reclaimed by vegetation and wildlife

vacant urban land teeming with vegetation

Roman ritual plowing undertaken when formally establishing a new settlement