Vitalists

French philosopher (1859–1941)

Swedish chemist (1779–1848)

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

French anatomist and pathologist (1771–1802)

German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (1801-1858)

British army explorer (1863–1942)

German physician and chemist (1659-1734)

German philosopher and biologist (1867 - 1941)

German botanist and university teacher (1805–1877)

German scientist and philosopher (1788–1869)

German physician (1762–1836)

French philosopher (1904-1995)

German physiologist (1776-1847)

Swiss physician (1867-1939)

British-Argentinian ornithologist (1841-1922)

Spanish essayist and university professor

German physiologist (1819–1892)

Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, naturalist, zoologist and geologist (1785–1857)

American medical researcher (1866–1922)

German botanist (1849-1931)

American physician, homeopat (1849–1916)

Italian scientist (1833-1905)

Scottish naturalist (1861–1933)

American physician (1851–1940)

French physiologist

German scientist (1836–1908)

French physician

British scientist (1851-1924)

French physician (1875-1947)

British parapsychologist (1880–1958)

British physician, microscopist, and professor (1828–1906)

American physician

French zoologist and writer, best known for his advocation of non-Darwinian evolution

American holistic health practitioner

British anatomist, administrator, archaeologist, scientist, educationalist and writer (1858-1929)