Volcanoes of Iceland

Surtsey ("Surtr's island" in Icelandic, ) is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the southern coast of Iceland. At Surtsey is the southernmost point of Iceland. It was formed in a volcanic eruption which began below sea level, and reached the surface on 14 November 1963. The eruption lasted until 5 June 1967, when the island reached its maximum size of . Since then, wave erosion has caused the island to steadily diminish in size: , its surface area was . The most recent survey (2007) shows the island's maximum elevation at above sea level.

Laki () or Lakagígar (, Craters of Laki) is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur. The fissure is properly referred to as Lakagígar, while Laki is a mountain that the fissure bisects. Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Þórðarhyrna. It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull, in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction.

Grímsvötn (; vötn = "waters", singular: ) is an active volcano with a (partially subglacial) fissure system located in Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. The central volcano is completely subglacial and located under the northwestern side of the Vatnajökull ice cap. The subglacial caldera is at , at an elevation of . Beneath the caldera is the magma chamber of the Grímsvötn volcano.

Krafla () is a volcanic caldera of about in diameter with a long fissure zone. It is located in the north of Iceland in the Mývatn region and is situated on the Iceland hotspot atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the divergent boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Its highest peak reaches up to and it is in depth. There have been 29 reported eruptions in recorded history.

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Esja (; often Esjan , with the feminine definite article) is a mountain situated in the south-west of Iceland, about ten kilometres north of Iceland's capital city Reykjavík.

Eldgjá (, "fire canyon") is a volcano and a canyon in Iceland. Eldgjá is part of the Katla volcano; it is a segment of a long chain of volcanic craters and fissure vents that extends northeast away from Katla volcano almost to the Vatnajökull ice cap. This fissure experienced a major eruption around 939 CE, which was the largest effusive eruption in recent history. It covered about of land with of lava from two major lava flows.

Kolbeinsey (; also known as '''Kolbeinn's Isle, Seagull Rock, Mevenklint, Mevenklip, or Meeuw Steen') is a small Icelandic islet in the Greenland Sea located off the northern coast of Iceland, north-northwest of the island of Grímsey. It is the northernmost point of Iceland and lies north of the Arctic Circle. The islet is named after Kolbeinn Sigmundarson, from Kolbeinsdalur in Skagafjörður, who according to Svarfdæla saga'' is said to have broken his ship there and died with his men.

Tungnafellsjökull (, "Tungna-fells glacier" or "tongue-fells glacier") is a icecap glacier upon a volcano of the same name in Iceland. The volcano is also known as Vonarskarð.

Jólnir () was formerly a volcanic island south of Iceland. It was a former vent of Surtsey, along with Syrtlingur and Surtla. It emerged from the ocean as a result of active plate tectonics between December 1965 and July 1966. Oceanic erosion cyclically wore down the new lava as it formed, and the island sank below the surface several times.

Drangey () or Drang Isle is an uninhabited island in the Skagafjörður fjord in northern Iceland. It is the remnant of a 700,000‑year‑old volcano, mostly made of volcanic palagonite tuff, forming a massive rock fortress.

Kerið (; also Kerith or Kerid) is a volcanic crater lake located in the Grímsnes area in south Iceland, along the Golden Circle. It is one of several crater lakes in the area, known as Iceland's Western Volcanic Zone, which includes the Reykjanes peninsula and the Langjökull Glacier, created as the land moved over a localized hotspot, but it is the one that has the most visually recognizable caldera still intact. The site is a popular area for tourists in Iceland.

volcanic cone on Heimaey Island

Bláhnjúkur () is a volcano in the south of Iceland. Its height is 945 m.

Situated in the Ódáðahraun lava field, Trölladyngja () is the biggest of the Icelandic shield volcanoes, reaching a height of above sea level, and rising almost above the surrounding desert and lava fields. It part of the Bárðarbunga volcanic system and has a volume of with some extensive lava flows to the north of Bárðarbunga.

thumb|Dyrhólaey thumb|Dyrhólaey Lighthouse thumb|Reynisfjara and Reynisdrangar as seen from Dyrhólaey

thumb|Trails to Hverfjall Hverfjall (; also known as Hverfell ) is a tephra cone or tuff ring volcano in northern Iceland, to the east of Mývatn.

Þrándarjökull () is a small glacier in eastern Iceland located to the north east of the Vatnajökull glacier. It had a past measured elevation of , but the glacier is presently between and above sea level. Between 1890 which is the Little Ice Age maximum in Iceland, and 2019, its area has decreased from to .

Vatnafjöll () is a long, wide basaltic fissure vent system that is south-east of Hekla, Iceland. It includes from the north towards the south the hills of Innri-Vatnafjöll at high, Fremri-Vatnafjöll at and Vatnafjallarani at as the main Vatnafjöll edifice, at a distance of about from Hekla. It is part of the same system as Hekla, and the term Hekla-Vatnafjöll volcanic system has been used to describe it. More than two dozen eruptions have occurred at Vatnafjöll during the Holocene Epoch. Vatnafjöll has not erupted during the last 1100 years. While these eruptions were predominantly effusi

thumb|Brennisteinsfjöll from Route 417 thumb|Brennisteinsfjöll towards the south-east is one of the volcanic systems in Iceland thumb|Map of the Bláfjöll region with different volcanic edifices thumb|Lava fields of the Brennisteinsfjöll around Helgafell (Hafnarfjörður)

thumb|Ingólfsfjall thumb|The top of Ingólfsfjall with a small lava hill from subaerial eruptions thumb|Landslides at Ingólfsfjall during the 6.3 quake in 2008 thumb|The quarry at Ingólfsfjall thumb|Silfurberg

Fremrinámur () is a volcano with a located on the basalt plateau in Iceland. It is at the junction of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Greenland–Iceland–Faeroe Ridge. It is one of five volcanic systems found in the axial rift zone in north-east Iceland. Its height is about .

Þórólfsfell () is a basaltic tuya in southern Iceland, east of Fljótshlíð. The upper section is made up of pillow lavas and is 574 metres above sea level.

thumb|View on Sandskeið airfield and Vífilsfell from the Hringvegur thumb|Quarries at Vífilsfell in 2019 thumb|Winterly road conditions on the Hringvegur near Vífilsfell thumb|Bláfjöll with Vífilsfell to the left, seen from lake [[Rauðavatn in the outskirts of Reykjavík]] Vífilsfell () is a hyaloclastite ridge in southwestern Iceland (Weichselian). It is 655 m high and located west of Jósepsdalur valley on the volcanic plateau of Hellisheiði. It forms the northernmost offset of the Bláfjöll mountain massif and is situated on top of the fissure system of Brennisteinsfjöll.

Grímsnes () is a relatively small fissure or crater row volcanic system located in South Iceland, located south–east of Lake Thingvallavatn and east of the en echelon group of volcanic systems extending across the Reykjanes Peninsula, that erupted last in the Holocene.

thumb|330px|18th-century sketch of Geirfuglasker thumb|330px|Former location of Geirfuglasker among the Fuglasker islands Geirfuglasker (, "Great Auk Rock") was a small islet near Reykjanes, Iceland. It was volcanic rock with steep sides except for two landing places. The rough surf around the island usually made it inaccessible to humans, and one of the last refuges for the flightless bird the great auk (which was also called "garefowl" — "geirfugl" in Icelandic). In a volcanic eruption in 1830 this rock submerged. The surviving great auks moved to a nearby island called Eldey and were wiped

thumb|right|300px|Borgarvirki thumb|right|300px|View from the top of Borgarvirki Borgarvirki lies between Vesturhóp and Víðidalur in the north of Iceland, and at 177m above sea level it dominates the surrounding region. Made out of basalt strata, it has been used as a fortress. Borgarvirki is a natural phenomenon, altered by humans in earlier centuries. In 1949, Borgarvirki was renovated by workers who installed a granite lintel at the main entrance.

Eldvörp–Svartsengi (); "fire cones–black meadow" in Icelandic also Svartsengi volcanic system) is a volcanic system in the southwest of Iceland on the Southern Peninsula, southeast of Keflavík International Airport and north of the town of Grindavík. Made up of fissures, cones and volcanic craters, it had been relatively inactive for several centuries until 2020, when the first in a series of magmatic intrusions occurred. In December 2023 the fourth such intrusion culminated in an eruption, with further eruptions in 2024 and 2025.

mountain in Hafnarfjörður Iceland

Reykjanes () is a small headland on the south-western end of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, giving the main peninsula its name. Volcanic action is responsible for forming the entire peninsula. The nearest town is Keflavik.

thumb|300px|Inside the magma chamber

mountain

Grensdalur () is a central volcanic vent and mountain of the Hengill volcanic system in Iceland. The elevation is about 497 m (1631 ft). Its position is 64.02°N 21.17°W. It was active during Pleistocene.

mountain in Iceland

Ljósufjöll () is a fissure vent system and central volcano on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula in Iceland. The name derives from the central volcano and translates into English as "Mountains of the Light".

left|thumb|Grænavatn ("green lake"). left|thumb|Hnausapollur . Veiðivötn (, "fishing lakes") is a volcanic lake region in the Highlands of central Iceland, where approximately 50 lakes fill two rows of fissure vents.