Works about fascism

"Ur-Fascism" or "Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" (, or ) is an essay authored by the Italian philosopher, novelist, and semiotician Umberto Eco. First published in 1995, this influential essay provides an analysis of fascism, a definition of fascism, and discusses the fundamental characteristics and traits of fascism. Drawing on Eco's personal experiences growing up under Mussolini's Italian fascism and his extensive research on fascist movements, the essay offers his insights into the nature of fascism and its manifestations.