X86 architecture

x86 (also known as 80x86 or the 8086 family) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel, based on the 8086 microprocessor and its 8-bit-external-bus variant, the 8088. The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit 8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address. The term "x86" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's 8086 processor end in "86", including the 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80

thumb|AMD Opteron, the first CPU to introduce the x86-64 extensions in April 2003 thumb|right|The five-volume set of the ''x86-64 Architecture Programmer's Manual'', as published and distributed by AMD in 2002

IA-32 (short for "Intel Architecture, 32-bit", commonly called i386) is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the 80386 microprocessor in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of x86 that supports 32-bit computing; as a result, the "IA-32" term may be used as a metonym to refer to all x86 versions that support 32-bit computing.

thumb|upright=1.5|In this high-level depiction of HTT, instructions are fetched from RAM (differently colored boxes represent the instructions of four different Process (computing)|processes), decoded and reordered by the front end (white boxes represent pipeline bubbles), and passed to the execution core capable of executing instructions from two different programs during the same [[clock cycle.]]

3DNow! is a deprecated extension to the x86 instruction set developed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). It adds single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions to the base x86 instruction set, enabling it to perform vector processing of floating-point vector operations using vector registers. This improvement enhances the performance of many graphics-intensive applications. The first microprocessor to implement 3DNow! was the AMD K6-2, introduced in 1998. In appropriate applications, this enhancement raised the speed by about 2–4 times.

assembly language used in x86 architecture

memory management feature

'''AMD Cool'n'Quiet''' is a CPU dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology introduced by AMD with its Athlon XP processor line. It works by reducing the processor's clock rate and voltage when the processor is idle. The aim of this technology is to reduce overall power consumption and lower heat generation, allowing for slower (thus quieter) cooling fan operation. The objectives of cooler and quieter result in the name Cool'n'Quiet. The technology is similar to Intel's SpeedStep and AMD's own PowerNow!, which were developed with the aim of increasing laptop battery life by reducing

Enhanced SpeedStep is a series of dynamic frequency scaling technologies (codenamed Geyserville and including SpeedStep, SpeedStep II, and SpeedStep III) built into some Intel's microprocessors that allow the clock speed of the processor to be dynamically changed (to different P-states) by software. This allows the processor to meet the instantaneous performance needs of the operation being performed, while minimizing power draw and heat generation. EIST (SpeedStep III) was introduced in several Prescott 6 series in the first quarter of 2005, namely the Pentium 4 660. Intel Speed Shift Technol

bug in the Intel P5 Pentium floating point unit

overclocking technology by Intel

Wintel (portmanteau of Windows and Intel) is the partnership of Microsoft and Intel producing personal computers (PCs) using Intel x86-compatible processors running Microsoft's Windows operating system.

technology used in CPUs

__NOTOC__ AMD PowerNow! was AMD's dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology targeted at mobile and embedded microprocessors. It allows for the core voltage and frequency to be controlled on-the-fly by the host operating system, or BIOS for embedded systems. PowerNow! was introduced with AMD's embedded processors using their K6 architecture, with the goal to combat the ever-increasing power demands and heat output with microprocessors at the time.

x87 is a floating-point-related subset of the x86 architecture instruction set. It originated as an extension of the 8086 instruction set in the form of optional floating-point coprocessors (FPU) that work in tandem with corresponding x86 CPUs. These microchips have names ending in "87". This is also known as the NPX (numeric processor extension). Like other extensions to the basic instruction set, x87 instructions are not strictly needed to construct working programs, but provide hardware and microcode implementations of common numerical tasks, allowing these tasks to be performed much faster

extension to the x86 instruction set

In the x86 architecture, the CPUID instruction (identified by a CPUID opcode) is a processor supplementary instruction (its name derived from "CPU Identification") allowing software to discover details of the processor. It was introduced by Intel in 1993 with the launch of the Pentium and late 486 processors.

family of computer interrupt controllers

hardware-assisted virtualization on x86/x86-64 CPUs

technology to dynamically overclock processor developed by Advanced Micro Devices

Extension to the x86 instruction set

Status register of x86 architecture

hardening technique in Linux kernel

Pentium processor bug

structure on x86-based computers that holds information about a task

x86 data structure

RDRAND (for "read random") is an instruction for returning random numbers from an Intel on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded by an on-chip entropy source. It is also known as Intel Secure Key Technology, codenamed Bull Mountain. Intel introduced the feature around 2012, and AMD added support for the instruction in June 2015. RDRAND is available in Ivy Bridge processors and is part of the Intel 64 and IA-32 instruction set architectures.

memory structure of x86 microprocessors

real mode API (Int 21h etc) of the MS-DOS operating system

computer hardware technology by Intel, verifies a launch environment and establishes the root of trust, which in turn allows software to build a chain of trust

term

signal in the system bus of an x86-based computer system

used for memory addressing in x86 computer architectures

extensions to the x86 instruction set architecture

Wikimedia list article

64-bit x86 register; counts the number of cycles since reset

calling conventions used in x86 architecture programming

company

application binary interface (ABI) of the Linux kernel

A mechanism in Intel's x86 architecture for changing the privilege level

Binary/decimal adjustment flag bit in some computer processors