Xianbei

mountain range in China

The Xianbei (Mongolian:Сүнбэ; ; ) were an ancient nomadic people in northern East Asia who developed a distinct cultural and political identity by the 1st century BC. They inhabited regions spanning parts of present-day northeastern China, Inner Mongolia, and the eastern Eurasian steppe. Several Xianbei groups formed ruling regimes, with early political center around present-day Datong in Shanxi. The Xianbei were likely not of a single ethnicity, but rather a multilingual, multi-ethnic confederation consisting of mainly Proto-Mongols (who spoke either pre-Proto-Mongolic, or Para-Mongolic langu

thumb|Rouran Khaganate, Tuyuhun, [[Yueban and Northern Wei]] Tuyuhun (; LHC: *tʰɑʔ-jok-guən; Wade-Giles: ''T'u-yühun''), also known as Henan () and Azha (; ), was a dynastic monarchy established by the nomadic peoples related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valley, in modern Qinghai, China.

thumb|A Northern Wei officer. Tomb statuette, [[Luoyang Museum.]] The Tuoba (Chinese) or Tabgatch (, Tabγač), also known by other names, was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms, the Tuoba established and ruled the Dai state in northern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and was restored in 386. The same year, the dynasty was renamed Wei, later distinguished in Chinese historiography as the Northern Wei. This powerful state gained control of most of northern China, supporting Buddhism while increasin

extinct Mongolic language of 4th–6th-century Mongolia and northern China

Tanshihuai (137–181) was a Xianbei chieftain who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty period of China. Under Tanshihuai the Xianbei became a unified polity and posed a constant threat to the Han dynasty's northern borders for many years. After his death, however, his state quickly fell apart as his grandsons failed to maintain the support of the tribes.

former country

Mugulü () was a legendary warrior and chieftain in the Mongolian Plateau during the period when it was under the rule of tribes and peoples originating from the fragmentation of the failed and crumbling Xianbei confederation. The term "Mongol" is a likely derivation from his name.

The Yuwen ( B-mun < Old Chinese *waʔ-mən) is a Chinese compound surname which originated from a pre-state clan of Xianbei ethnicity of Xiongnu origin during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China, until its destruction by Former Yan's prince Murong Huang in 345. Among the eastern Xianbei clans that ranged from the central part of the present day Liaoning province and eastward, Yuwen clan was the largest, and was awarded the position of the leader of eastern Xianbei (東部大人) by Chinese rulers. A descendant of the Yuwen tribe, Yuwen Tai, established the Northern Zhou dynasty in the 6th century.

The Murong (; LHC: *mɑC-joŋ; EMC: *mɔh-juawŋ) or Muren refers to an ethnic Xianbei tribe who are attested from the time of Tanshihuai (). Different strands of evidence exist linking the Murong to the Mongol nomadic confederation in Central Asia. The Former Yan (337–370), Later Yan (384–409), Western Yan (384–394), Southern Yan (398–410) dynasties as well as Tuyuhun (285–670) were all founded by Murong peoples.

Kebineng (died 235) was a Xianbei chieftain who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He rose to power during the late Eastern Han dynasty after the warlord Cao Cao defeated the Wuhuan tribes in northern China at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain in 207. He was ultimately assassinated by Cao Wei forces in 235.

extinct 5th-century language of northern China

Rouran tribal chief

Budugen (died 233) was a Xianbei chieftain who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the grandson of Tanshihuai, and after the death of his head chief and brother, Kuitou, his clan's domain was divided between him and another brother, Fuluohan.

Group of influential military officials and leaders in China

Mohuba ( 238–244) was a Xianbei chieftain who lived during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is accredited with being the founder of the Murong tribe.

Chinese Buddhist monk and pilgrim under the Tang dynasty

The Didouyu () or Didougan () was a tribe during the 5th-century in western Manchuria. Their territory included the Tujue (Eastern Turk, on their west), the Rouran, and the Khitan (on their southeast). They were attacked by both Goguryeo and Rouran in 479, allied for this operation. In fear, a big part of Kithan fled southward to submit to Northern Wei. Didouyu were one of the northern branches of the Xianbei.

Chinese surname 獨孤/独孤