logic

thumb|alt=Depiction of inference using modus ponens|Logic studies valid forms of inference like .

OverviewAI-generated

Logic is a formal science that is part of mathematics and philosophy. It is the study of condition, conclusion, and validity, and it has the effect of logical consequence. The field includes classical logic, fuzzy logic, quantum logic, and propositional calculus. It is practiced by logicians.

The subject is described by sources including The Nuttall Encyclopædia, the Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, and the Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition. It is maintained by WikiProject Mathematics and appears on focus lists such as Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have and Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4. A PubMed query for logic yields a count of 68137. Additionally, the topic is referenced by 3,433 other encyclopedia articles.

Synthesized by Vinony from 17 facts across 3 sources: Wikidata, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Research

68,137 papers

via PubMed

~60 min read

Encyclopedic overview

39 sections

Contents

Definition
Formal logic
Informal logic
Basic concepts
Premises, conclusions, and truth
Premises and conclusions
Internal structure
Logical truth
Truth tables
Arguments and inferences
Deductive
Ampliative
Fallacies
Definitory and strategic rules
Formal systems
Systems of logic
Aristotelian
Classical
Propositional logic
First-order logic
Extended
Modal logic
Higher order logic
Deviant
Informal
Areas of research
Philosophy of logic and philosophical logic
Metalogic
Mathematical logic
Computational logic
Formal semantics of natural language
Epistemology of logic
History
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links

thumb|alt=Depiction of inference using modus ponens|Logic studies valid forms of inference like .

Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural language whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used as a countable noun, the term "a logic" refers to a specific logical formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.

Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “logic” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.