against
preposition
- in a contrary direction to
- in physical contact with
- in physical opposition to, or in collision with
- in opposition to
Wiktionary
Pronunciation: /əˈɡɛ̟nst/ / /əˈɡeɪ̯nst/ / /əˈɡɪ̟nst/
conj
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁én Proto-Germanic *in Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-der. Proto-Germanic *ganganąder.? Proto-Germanic *gagin Proto-Germanic *in gagin Proto-West Germanic *in gagin Old English onġēander. Middle English ayenes English against Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen, or directly from again, either way with adverbial genitive singular ending -es; the parasitic -t was added circa 1350, probably by confusion with the superlative ending -est. By surface analysis, again + -st (excrescent ending). Cognate with Saterland Frisian juun (“against”), West Frisian tsjin (“against”), Dutch tegen (“against”), German Low German gegen (“against”), German gegen (“against”), Icelandic gegn (“against”).
- By the time that (something happened); before.
“Thence she them brought into a stately Hall, / Wherein were many tables faire dispred, / And ready dight with drapets festiuall, / Against the viaundes should be ministred.”
“He now gave Mrs Deborah positive orders to take the child to her own bed, and to call up a maid-servant to provide it pap, and other things, against it waked.”
prep
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁én Proto-Germanic *in Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ-der. Proto-Germanic *ganganąder.? Proto-Germanic *gagin Proto-Germanic *in gagin Proto-West Germanic *in gagin Old English onġēander. Middle English ayenes English against Formed from Middle English ayenes, agenes, againes (“in opposition to”), a southern variant of agen, or directly from again, either way with adverbial genitive singular ending -es; the parasitic -t was added circa 1350, probably by confusion with the superlative ending -est. By surface analysis, again + -st (excrescent ending). Cognate with Saterland Frisian juun (“against”), West Frisian tsjin (“against”), Dutch tegen (“against”), German Low German gegen (“against”), German gegen (“against”), Icelandic gegn (“against”).
- In a contrary direction to.
“It is hard work to swim against the current.”
- In physical opposition to; in collision with.
“The rain pounds against the window.”
“Ivor had acquired more than a mile of fishing rights with the house ; he was not at all a good fisherman, but one must do something ; one generally, however, banged a ball with a squash-racket against a wall.”
- In physical contact with, so as to abut or be supported by.
“The ladder was leaning against the wall.”
“The puppy rested its head against a paw.”
- Close to, alongside.
“A row of trees stood against a fence.”
“We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine.[…]As we reached the lodge we heard the whistle, and we backed up against one side of the platform as the train pulled up at the other.”
- In front of; before (a background).
“The giant was silhouetted against the door.”
- In contrast or comparison with.
“There is an awesome authenticity in Barrus's voice which, I imagine, is frightening to those who must evaluate art against a one-dimensional standard of political rectitude.”
“He stands out against his classmates.”
- In competition with, versus.
“The Tigers will play against the Bears this weekend.”
““[…] it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.””
- Contrary to; in conflict with.
“Doing this is against my principles.”
“It is against the law to smoke on these premises.”
- In opposition to.
“Are you against freedom of choice?”
“He waged a ten-year campaign against the company that was polluting the river.”
- Of betting odds, denoting a worse-than-even chance.
“That horse is fifty-to-one against, so it has virtually no chance of winning.”
- In exchange for.
“The vouchers are redeemable against West End shows and theatre breaks.”
- As counterbalance to.
- As a charge on.
“Tax is levied against income from sales.”
- As protection from.
“He turned the umbrella against the wind.”
“Beautie alone is a ſoveraigne remedy againſt feare,griefe,and all melancholy fits; a charm,as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirme,a banquet it ſelfe;he gives inſtance in diſcontented Menelaus that was ſo often freed by Helenas faire face: and ʰTully, 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chiefe patron of this Tenent.”
- In anticipation of; in preparation for (a particular time, event etc.).
“The stores are kept well stocked against a time of need.”
“He wrote to a friend of his, that he lived but with browne bread and water, and entreated him to send him a piece of cheese, against [translating pour] the time he was to make a solemne feast.”
- To be paid now in contrast to the following amount to be paid later under specified circumstances, usually that a movie is made or has started filming.
“The studio weren't sure the movie would ever get made, so they only paid $50,000 against $200,000. That way they wouldn't be out very much if filming never began.”
““Hollywood noises” yielded an early $35,000 option against $100,000 if the movie was made.”
- Exposed to.