18th-century inventions

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy by accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. A capacitor was originally known as a condenser, a term still encountered in a few compound names, such as the condenser microphone. Colloquially, a capacitor may be called a cap.

assembly of one or more electrochemical cells, used to provide devices with stored electrical energy

heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid

The degree Celsius is the unit of temperature on the Celsius temperature scale (originally known as the centigrade scale in English), one of two temperature scales used in the International System of Units (SI), the other being the closely related Kelvin scale. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific point on the Celsius temperature scale or to a difference or range between two temperatures. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who proposed the first version of it in 1742. The unit was called centigrade in several languages (from the Latin centum

thumb|The guillotine used in Luxembourg between 1798 and 1821 A guillotine ( ) is an apparatus designed for effectively carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with a pillory at the bottom of the frame, holding the position of the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass; the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.

water containing dissolved carbon dioxide gas and intended for drinking

an active fire protection device

thumb|upright=1.35|Lookout, transport steamer on the Tennessee River, 1860–1865 thumb|upright=1.35|Dutch river steam-tugboat Mascotte II A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. The term steamboat is used to refer to small steam-powered vessels working on lakes, rivers, and in short-sea shipping. The development of the steamboat led to the larger steamship, which is a seaworthy and often ocean-going ship.

lighter than air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air

thumb|A stove-top, Italian style coffee maker thumb|right|A 2016-model electric coffeemaker A coffeemaker, coffee maker or coffee machine is a cooking appliance used to brew coffee. While there are many different types of coffeemakers, the two most common brewing principles use gravity or pressure to move hot water through coffee grounds. In the most common devices, coffee grounds are placed into a paper or metal filter inside a funnel, which is set over a glass or ceramic coffee pot, a cooking pot in the kettle family. Cold water is poured into a separate chamber, which is then boiled and di

agricultural machine

antique electrical device which stores a high-voltage electric charge

thumb|upright|An optical pyrometer thumb|upright|A sailor checking the temperature of a ventilation system

thumb|A bifocal lens with areas of differing magnification thumb|Bifocals with separate lenses. In this case, the Swedish ethnologist . Bifocals are eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers correcting vision at both long and short distances. Bifocals are commonly prescribed to people with presbyopia who also require a correction for myopia, hyperopia, and/or astigmatism.

multi-spool spinning frame

300px|thumb|The paddle steamer at [[Swanage is the world's last seagoing paddle steamer]] thumb|An aerial starboard quarter view of the aircraft carrier , which was the last [[US Navy aircraft carrier to use conventional steam power]]

mechanised loom powered by a line shaft

weaving tool patented by John Kay in 1733