19th-century Catholicism

The Kulturkampf (; ) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany led by Pope Pius IX and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, as well as other German states. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the church's direct control over both education and ecclesiastical appointments in the Prussian kingdom. Moreover, when compared to other church-and-state conflicts about political culture, the Kulturkampf of Prussia also featured anti-Polish sentiment.

political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy

Roman Catholic movement

law passed by the senate and chamber of the Italian parliament, 13 May, 1871, concerning the prerogatives of the Holy See

election of Pope Pius IX

election of Pope Gregory XVI

election of Pope Pius VIII

election

19th-century movement of scholarship for the reform of worship within the Roman Catholic Church

preference among New World Catholics for more liberal theology (Religious particularism)

encyclical of Pope Pius IX

people and congregations who split from the Catholic Church in France following the Concordat of 1801

organization