Accelerator physics

a magnifying system capable of showing the interior or surface of a microscopic object by means of directed electron beams

300px|thumb|right|Lawrence's cyclotron, , showing the beam of accelerated ions (likely [[protons or deuterons) exiting the machine and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow]]

thumb|The first synchrotron to use the "racetrack" design with straight sections, a 300 MeV electron synchrotron at University of Michigan in 1949, designed by Dick Crane A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The strength of the magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being synchronized to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles.

electrostatic generator that produces high voltages by accumulated tribocharging

thumb|One of the first betatrons built by Donald Kerst (visible right) at University of Illinois, 1940. Its 4-ton magnet could accelerate electrons to 24 MeV. thumb|right|A German 6 MeV betatron (1942) thumb|A 35 MeV betatron used for photonuclear physics at the University of Melbourne. A betatron is a type of cyclic particle accelerator for electrons. It consists of a torus-shaped vacuum chamber with an electron source. Circling the torus is an iron transformer core with a wire winding around it. The device functions similarly to a transformer, with the electrons in the torus-s

250px|thumb|right|400 kW klystron used for spacecraft communication at the Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex. This is a spare in storage. thumb|upright=2|5 kW klystron tube used as power amplifier in UHF television transmitter, 1952. When installed, the tube projects through holes in the center of the cavity resonators, with the sides of the cavities making contact with the metal rings on the tube.

thumb|300px|Example of a particle collimator A collimator is a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves. “To narrow” can mean either to cause the directions of motion to become more aligned in a specific direction (i.e., make collimated light or parallel rays), or to cause the spatial cross section of the beam to become smaller (beam limiting device).

type of laser

electrical component producing a narrow collimated electron beam

type of particle accelerator

A collider is a type of particle accelerator that brings two opposing particle beams together such that the particles collide. Compared to other particle accelerators in which the moving particles collide with a stationary matter target, colliders can achieve higher collision energies. Colliders may either be ring accelerators or linear accelerators.

branch of physics

thumb|Sketch of a synchrocyclotron from McMillan's patent. A synchrocyclotron is a special type of cyclotron, patented by Edwin McMillan in 1952, in which the frequency of the driving RF electric field is varied to compensate for relativistic effects as the particles' velocity begins to approach the speed of light. This is in contrast to the classical cyclotron, where this frequency is constant.

type of particle accelerator

device or process or technique that creates charged atoms and molecules (ions)

lens for charged particles

thumb|Particles in a classic microtron get emitted from a source (blue), accelerated once per turn (microwave cavity, gray), increasing their path radius until ejection. A microtron is a type of particle accelerator concept originating from the cyclotron in which the accelerating field is not applied through large D-shaped electrodes, but through a linear accelerator structure. The classic microtron was invented by Vladimir Veksler around 1944. The kinetic energy of the particles is increased by a constant amount per field change (one half or a whole revolution). Microtrons are designed to op

radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field

consist of groups of four magnets laid out so that in the planar multipole expansion of the field, the dipole terms cancel and where the lowest significant terms in the field equations are quadrupole

ray tracing technique

CERN's first synchrotron accelerator

Swiss federal research institute

magnet in which opposite poles are on opposite sides of the magnet

In high energy physics experiments, an absorber is a block of material used to absorb some of the energy of an incident particle in an experiment. Absorbers can be made of a variety of materials, depending on the purpose; lead, tungsten and liquid hydrogen are common choices. Most absorbers are used as part of a particle detector; particle accelerators use absorbers to reduce the radiation damage on accelerator components.

charged particle acceleration technique

thumb|right|220px|Beamline at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In accelerator physics, a beamline refers to the trajectory of the beam of particles, including the overall construction of the path segment (guide tubes, diagnostic devices) along a specific path of an accelerator facility. This part is either the line in a linear accelerator along which a beam of particles travels, or the path leading from particle generator (e.g. a cyclic accelerator, synchrotron light sources, cyclotrons, or spallation sources) to the experimental end-station.

electron trajectories in electromagnetic fields

elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light

number of particles per unit area per unit time times the opacity of the target

beam of charged atoms (ions)

type of electrode.

stream of charged, or less frequently neutral, particles

in accelerator physics, effect of particular magnetic fields on the motion of the charged particles

particle beam cooling mechanism

property of a charged particle beam

thumb | right SuperKEKB is a particle collider located at KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. SuperKEKB collides electrons with positrons at the centre-of-momentum energy close to the mass of the Υ(4S) resonance making it a second-generation B-factory for the Belle II experiment. The accelerator is an upgrade to the KEKB accelerator, providing approximately 40 times higher luminosity, due mostly to superconducting quadrupole focusing magnets. The accelerator achieved "first turns" (first circulation of electron and positron beams) in Febru

accelerates particles with a static electric field

way of focusing a charged particle beam

consist of six magnetic poles set out in an arrangement of alternating north and south poles arranged around an axis

American fusion research company

principle in accelerator physics

resonator device that can hold a standing microwave