Bioethics

An embryo ( ) is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. The resulting fusion of these two cells produces a single-celled zygote that undergoes many cell divisions that produce cells known as blastomeres. The blastomeres are arranged as a solid ball that when reaching a certain size, called a morula, takes in fluid to create a cavity called a blastocoel. The structure is then termed a blastula, or a

thumb|upright=1.5|1930s exhibit by the Eugenics Society. Some of the signs read "Healthy and Unhealthy Families", "[[Heredity as the Basis of Efficiency", and "Marry Wisely".]]

rights of non-human animals

illicit use of drugs or other substances to increase athletic performance

thumb|upright=1.5|Intended parents attend the birth of their child by a gestational surrogate.

Transhumanism is a philosophical movement that advocates the enhancement of the human condition by developing and making widely available new and future technologies to enhance longevity, cognition, and well-being. Influenced by seminal works of science fiction, the transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives, including philosophy and religion. Some critics argue that transhumanism amounts to little more than a "rebranding" of eugenics.

Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes animal ethics), including those emerging from advances in biology, medicine, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society (what decisions are "good" or "bad" and why) and it is often related to medical policy and practice, but also to broader questions as environment, well-being and public health. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life

Antinatalism or anti-natalism is the philosophical value judgment that procreation is unethical or unjustifiable. Antinatalists thus argue that humans should abstain from making children. Some antinatalists consider coming into existence to always be a serious harm. Their views are not necessarily limited only to humans but may encompass all sentient creatures, arguing that coming into existence is a serious harm for sentient beings in general.

genetic modification of a patient's cells to produce a therapeutic effect

use of donated organs for transplantation or research

use of biological toxins or infectious agents with the intent to kill as an act of war

use of animals as models of the human organism

thumb| Scanning electron micrograph of an Apoptosis|apoptotic HeLa cell. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM. thumb|Multiphoton fluorescence image of cultured HeLa cells with a fluorescent protein targeted to the Golgi apparatus (orange), microtubules (green) and counterstained for DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope. thumb|Immunofluorescence image of HeLa cells grown in tissue culture and stained with antibody to [[actin in green, vimentin in red and DNA in blue]] thumb|Immunofluorescence of HeLa cells showing [[microtubules in green, mitochondria in yellow, nucleoli in red and nucle

methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means

process by means of which a research participant agrees to be the subject of research

Technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized

Biopolitics is a major paradigm in the social sciences and humanities, which begins from the premise that life is central to modern politics. In the early nineteenth century, biopolitics emerged as a specific form of politics with a series of concerns over "life", such as concerns with overpopulation, public hygiene, pseudo-scientific theories such as biological racism, and into state forms of biological domination such as Nazi Germany. More recently, contemporary issues such as combating climate change, preventing the global spread of infectious diseases and pandemics, as well as rethinking t

thumb|Graffiti advocating the abolition of gender

Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health. These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to increased risk of exposure to biohazards or pathogens. Human error and poor technique contribute to unnecessary expo

human tendency to ignore plants

Wikimedia list article

method of creating a cloned embryo by replacing the egg nucleus with a body cell nucleus

cell line

set of ethical criteria permitting certain actions when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause harm

right|thumb|260px|Deep brain stimulation and other brain interventions raise moral issues about free will, valid consent, and enhancement. In philosophy and neuroscience, neuroethics is the study of both the ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics. The ethics of neuroscience concerns the ethical, legal, and social impact of neuroscience, including the ways in which neurotechnology can be used to predict or alter human behavior and "the implications of our mechanistic understanding of brain function for society... integrating neuroscientific knowledge with ethical and social thoug

opposition to all animal use by humans

notion of rights to which plants may be entitled

enhancement

19th-century theory that civilization was declining due to biological change

Bioprospecting (also known as biodiversity prospecting) is the exploration of natural sources for small molecules, macromolecules and biochemical and genetic information that could be developed into commercially valuable products for the agricultural, aquaculture, bioremediation, cosmetics, nanotechnology, or pharmaceutical industries. In the pharmaceutical industry, for example, almost one third of all small-molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1981 and 2014 were either natural products or compounds derived from natural products.

human embryo which has been genetically modified

Biopower (or biopouvoir in French), coined by French social theorist Michel Foucault, refers to various means by which modern nation states control their populations. In Foucault's work, it has been used to refer to practices of public health, regulation of heredity, and risk regulation, among many other regulatory mechanisms often linked less directly with literal physical health. Foucault first used the term in his lecture courses at the Collège de France, and the term first appeared in print in The Will to Knowledge, Foucault's first volume of The History of Sexuality. It is closely related

guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in science

Intergovernmental organization

rights granted to the breeder of a new variety of plant that give the breeder exclusive control

health care of all those with a terminal condition that has become advanced, progressive, and incurable

process of life's end in which control is mantained and suffering is avoided

complex mixture of sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate derived synthetically from estrone and equilin from horse urine

field of inquiry that explores how evolutionary theory might bear on our understanding of ethics or morality.

The OncoMouse or Harvard mouse is a type of laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) that has been genetically modified using modifications designed by Philip Leder and Timothy A Stewart of Harvard University to carry a specific gene called an activated oncogene (v-Ha-ras under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter). The activated oncogene significantly increases the mouse's susceptibility to cancer, and thus makes the mouse a suitable model for cancer research.

proposed civil right

academic conference held in 1975

ideology advocating enhancing human characteristics and capacities through the use of reproductive technology and human genetic engineering

Catholic Church 2008 instruction by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on certain embryonic ethical controversies

genetically modified laboratory mice

biotechnological elimination of involuntary suffering

military program

Animals controlled remotely by humans

A humster is a hybrid cell line made from a zona-free hamster oocyte fertilized with human sperm. It always consists of single cells, and cannot form a multi-cellular being. Humsters are usually destroyed before they divide into two cells; if isolated and left alone to divide, they would still be unviable.

ideology opposing abortion, capital punishment, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and some or all wars

acting like a deity with immense control over people's lives

civil law action which alleges that a defendant has wrongfully caused a child to be born

fraud in fertility medicine

heuristic designed to spot and eliminate status quo bias