Biogeography

thumb|An example of the biodiversity of fungi in a forest in North Saskatchewan (in this photo, there are also leaf [[lichens and mosses).]]

Gondwana ( ; ) was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent. The remnants of Gondwana make up around two-thirds of today's continental area, including South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Zealandia, Arabia, and the Indian subcontinent.

thumb|350px|Book frontispiece|Frontispiece to [[Alfred Russel Wallace's book The Geographical Distribution of Animals]]

largest of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms

fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.

biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms

faunal boundary line separating the ecozones of Asia and Wallacea, a transitional zone between Asia and Australia

one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms & six floristic kingdoms

one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms

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pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic and abiotic compartments of Earth

biogeographic realm

broadest biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface

distribution of an organism across all or most of the world

geographical area in which a taxon can be found

Phytogeography ( meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.

thumb|A map of the Amazon rainforest, which is composed of multiple ecoregions. The yellow line encloses the ecoregions within the Amazon per the [[World Wide Fund for Nature.]]

web-based database of marine species

one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms

thumb|right|300px|Zoogeographic regions of Alfred Russel Wallace|Wallace, 1876 Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with geographic distribution (present and past) of animal species.

term in biogeography for a species relationship to a geography; opposite of introduced species

science of relationships between ecological processes in the environmental landscape and particular ecosystems

actions to limit climate change in order to reduce the risks of global warming

extinction of species worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat

collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit

thumb|Reed beds are a common form of lakeside ecotone. The beds tend to accumulate organic matter which is then colonised by trees, forcing the reeds further into the lake. An ecotone is a transitional area between two plant communities, where these meet and integrate. Examples include areas between grassland and forest, estuary and lagoon, and freshwater and sea water. An ecotone may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems). An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the

population or taxon of organisms that was more widespread or more diverse in the past

type of speciation caused by geographic isolation between populations

thumb|upright=1.6|Wallacea is the group of islands within the red area. The Max Carl Wilhelm Weber|Weber Line in blue has been used to separate Wallacea into a western part pertaining to [[Asia and an eastern part pertaining to Oceania.]] upright=1.6|thumb|The Sunda Shelf|Sunda and Sahul shelves. Wallacea is the area in between.

land form

thumb|400px|Sundaland during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]

Phytosociology, also known as phytocoenology or simply plant sociology, is the study of groups of species of plant that are usually found together. Phytosociology aims to empirically describe the vegetative environment of a given territory. A specific community of plants is considered a social unit, the product of definite conditions, present and past, and can exist only when such conditions are met. In phyto-sociology, such a unit is known as a phytocoenosis (or phytocoenose). A phytocoenosis is more commonly known as a plant community, and consists of the sum of all plants in a given area. I

one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms

paleozoographic event resulting from the formation of the Isthmus of Panama

populations of two or more species in a given area

geomorphological phenomenon

Nation with extremely high biological diversity or many endemic species

ecological concept

field within biogeography that examines the factors that affect the species richness and diversification of isolated natural communities

thumb|300px|Distribution map of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) : historical range, current range, and occasional observations. Chorology (from Greek , , "place, space"; and , -logia) can mean the study of the causal relations between geographical phenomena occurring within a particular region the study of the spatial distribution of organisms (biogeography).

speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated

isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments

Graphical indicator of remotely sensed live green vegetation

Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of genetics, particularly population genetics.

ecology

speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated smaller peripheral population

perennial, strong, dense, clump-forming plant

mountainous biogeographical region in central Madagascar

320x320px|thumb|right|An example of advanced anthropization: the cultivation of rice in terraces in [[Vietnam]]

future extinction of species due to events in the past

thumb|Primary drainage basins in Canada A bioregion is a geographical area defined not by administrative boundaries, but by distinct characteristics such as plant and animal species, ecological systems, soils and landforms, human settlements, and topographic features such as drainage basins (also referred to as "watersheds"). A bioregion can be on land or at sea. The idea of bioregions was adopted and popularized in the mid-1970s by a school of philosophy called bioregionalism, which includes the concept that human culture can influence bioregional definitions due to its effect on non-cultural

thumb|Papuasia as defined by the WGSRPD

biological census

nature of the physical material at the surface of the earth

thumb|Hemiboreal deciduous forest in Latvia. Latvia, like other hemiboreal areas, also has extensive lush coniferous forests. Hemiboreal means halfway between the temperate and subarctic (or boreal) zones. The term is most frequently used in the context of climates and ecosystems.

A pantropical ("all tropics") distribution is one which covers tropical regions of both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Examples include caecilians, modern sirenians and the plant genera Acacia and Bacopa.

type of biological dispersal

a scientific work about a geographical scheme

A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon.

generalized principle to describe patterns observed in living organisms