Breeding

offspring of cross-species reproduction

process by which humans use animal and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits

thumb|Braunvieh, a dairy breed with high milk production and little [[milk fat]]

thumb|right|The passage of homozygous alleles through an inbred pedigree

thumb|300px|Time course imaging of two maize [[inbreds and their F1 hybrid (middle) exhibiting heterosis.]]

thumb|right|The Pyrenean ibex, also known as the bouquetin (French) and bucardo (Spanish), is the only animal to have survived de-extinction past birth through cloning. De-extinction (also known as resurrection biology, or species revivalism) is the process of human intervention to generate an organism that either resembles or is an extinct organism. There are several ways to carry out the process of de-extinction. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although genome editing and selective breeding have also been considered. Similar techniques have been applied to certain endangered spec

reduced fitness as a result of inbreeding

Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding, and production of gene knockout organisms.

A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. A domestic animal of unknown ancestry, where the breed status of only one parent or grandparent is known, may also be called a crossbreed though the term "mixed breed" is technically more accurate. Outcrossing is a type of crossbreeding used within a purebred breed to increase the genetic diversity within the breed, particularly when there is a need to avoid inbreeding.

first-generation hybrid (or crossbreed) animal or plant

Out-crossing or out-breeding is the technique of crossing between different breeds. This is the practice of introducing distantly related genetic material into a breeding line, thereby increasing genetic diversity.

controversial term for uncontrolled dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms

process where the limited gene pool of an endangered species diminishes even more when reproductive individuals die off before reproducing with others in their endangered low population

backbreeding

process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation to generate mutants with desirable traits

individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding

thumb|right|Klepton genetic inheritance in frogs In biology, a klepton (abbreviated kl.) and synklepton (abbreviated sk.) is a species that requires input from another biological taxon (normally from a species which is closely related to the kleptonic species) to complete its reproductive cycle. Specific types of kleptons are zygokleptons, which reproduce by zygogenesis; gynokleptons which reproduce by gynogenesis, and tychokleptons, which reproduce by a combination of both systems.

A breeder is a person who selectively breeds carefully selected mates, normally of the same breed, to sexually reproduce offspring with specific, consistently replicable qualities and characteristics. This might be as a farmer, agriculturalist, or hobbyist, and can be practiced on a large or small scale, for food, fun, or profit.

mathematical estimate of inbreeding

measure of the degree of consanguinity (or biological relationship) between two individuals

reduced fitness as a result of outbreeding

produced by cross-pollinated plants

Genetic model