Cognition

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of broad scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Biological psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.

right|thumb|250px|Plato, one of the first philosophers to discuss ideas in detail. Aristotle claims that many of Plato's views were Pythagorean in origin. In philosophy and in common usage, an idea (from the Greek word: ἰδέα (idea), meaning 'a form, or a pattern') is the result of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings.

thumb|Joseph Noel Paton , Dante Meditating the Episode of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Imagination is the representation of sensations or physical objects in the mind without any immediate input of the senses. Often described as forming pictures in the mind, it is commonly equated with mental imagery, though imaginary experiences do not have to be purely visual, and can include other sensory experiences, thoughts, and emotions. Imaginings can be re-creations of past experiences, such as vivid memories with or without changes, or completely invented and possibly fantastical scenes. I

Motivation is an internal state that propels individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior. It is often understood as a force that explains why people or other animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. It is a complex phenomenon and its precise definition is disputed. It contrasts with amotivation, which is a state of apathy or listlessness. Motivation is studied in fields such as psychology, motivation science, neuroscience, and philosophy.

Cognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitions are a pervasive part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world.

Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without recourse to conscious reasoning or needing an explanation. Different fields use the word "intuition" in very different ways, including but not limited to: direct access to unconscious knowledge; unconscious cognition; gut feelings; inner sensing; inner insight to unconscious pattern-recognition; and the ability to understand something instinctively, without any need for conscious reasoning. Intuitive knowledge tends to be approximate or heuristic.

thumbnail|Observing the air traffic in Rõuge, [[Estonia]]

subdiscipline of psychology

Understanding is a cognitive process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to use concepts to model that object. Understanding is a relation between the knower and an object of understanding. Understanding implies abilities and dispositions with respect to an object of knowledge that are sufficient to support intelligent behavior.

advanced emotion, subjective experience of total involvement of the subject, with an object of their awareness

claim that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition

mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time

Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology, the process of introspection relies on the observation of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's soul. Introspection is closely related to human self-reflection and self-discovery and is contrasted with external observation.

thumb|Situations often arise wherein a decision must be made when the results of each possible choice are uncertain.

thumb|René Descartes, in De homine (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as automata; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this [[Digesting Duck.]]

act of detecting something new

systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment due to subjective perception of reality

open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies

upright=0.65|thumb|The "redness" of red is an example of a quale.

mental game where the objective is to avoid thinking about The Game itself

Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting. One standard way of defining epistemic certainty is that a belief is certain if and only if the person holding that belief could not be mistaken in holding that belief. Other common definitions of certainty involve the indubitable nature of such beliefs or define certainty as a property of those beliefs with the greatest possible justification. Certainty is closely related to knowledge, although contemporary philosophers tend to treat kn

ability to recall an image from memory after one exposure

network or circuit of neurons

philosophical question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are

Intentionality is the mental ability to refer to or represent something. Sometimes regarded as the mark of the mental, it is found in mental states like perceptions, beliefs or desires. For example, the perception of a tree has intentionality because it represents a tree to the perceiver. A central issue for theories of intentionality has been the problem of intentional inexistence: to determine the ontological status of the entities which are the objects of intentional states.

fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.

In psychology and philosophy, awareness is the perception or knowledge of something. The concept is often synonymous with consciousness; however, one can be aware of something without being explicitly conscious of it (e.g., blindsight).

thumb|upright=1.2|A representation of how people with differing visualization abilities might picture an apple in their mind. The first image is bright and photographic, levels 2 through 4 show increasingly simpler and more faded images, and the last—representing complete aphantasia—shows no image at all.

set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior

philosophy of mind that mental states are driven by their function

illogical conclusions based on correlated events, or belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them

cognitive process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood

a sociological theory arguing that the stability of society is determined by functional institutions and individuals having a specific role

Apperception (from the Latin ad-, "to, toward" and percipere, "to perceive, gain, secure, learn, or feel") is any of several aspects of perception and consciousness in such fields as psychology, philosophy and epistemology.

cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action

implicit memory effect whereby exposure to a stimulus unconsciously influences a response to another stimulus

Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world.

information processing about social situations

a set of problem-solving methods that involve expressing problems and their solutions in ways that a computer could execute

perception of the passing of time

2011 non-fiction work by Daniel Kahneman

problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize

cognitive process of visually interpreting the human face

understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed

effort being used in the working memory, which can be differentiated into three types: intrinsic, extraneous, and germane

social and evolutionary psychology theory

cognitive bias in which consumers place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created

unwelcome involuntary thought, image, or unpleasant idea that may become an obsession

medical condition

thumb|Listening in conversation.

perception of environmental elements and events with respect to time or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their future status

test in the study of deductive reasoning

set of instantaneous values of all variables to which a system or computer program has access

tendency to believe false information when repeated

theory in psychology

psychological phenomenon

auditory test to assess selective attention

age relative to intellectual performance

form of chronometry