Cognitive neuroscience

thumb|17th-century representation of consciousness by Robert Fludd, an English Paracelsian physician

thumb|right|Taste bud

alt=A small child hugs an older, injured child|thumb|Hugging is a common display of empathy

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. The bio signals detected by EEG have been shown to represent the postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and allocortex. It is typically non-invasive, with the EEG electrodes placed along the scalp (commonly called "scalp EEG") using the International 10–20 system, or variations of it. Electrocorticography, involving surgical placement of electrodes, is sometimes called "intracranial EEG". EEG is widely used both as a clinical diagnostic tool, particularl

In psychology, confusion is the quality or emotional state of being bewildered or unclear. The term acute mental confusion is often used interchangeably with delirium in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and the Medical Subject Headings publications to describe the pathology. These refer to the loss of orientation, or the ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location and personal identity. Mental confusion is sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness (the loss of linear thinking) and memory loss (the inability to co

Psychophysics is the field of psychology which quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation" or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically varying the properties of a stimulus along one or more physical dimensions".

type of neuron associated with empathy

MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

scientific field

group of neural structures responsible for positive emotions

thumb|Nerve tract|White matter tracts within a human brain, as visualized by [[MRI tractography]] thumb|Rendering of a group connectome based on 20 subjects. Anatomical fibers that constitute the white matter architecture of the human brain are visualized color-coded by traversing direction (xyz-directions mapping to RGB colors respectively). Visualization of fibers was done using TrackVis software.

individual's capacity to choose what they pay attention to and what they ignore; (in lay terms) individual's ability to concentrate

emotional state of low tension and an absence of arousal from sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear

ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments

quality or state of self-awareness within an animal

large-scale brain network, active when one is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest (e.g. daydreaming), and also while thinking about others, thinking about oneself, remembering the past, and planning for the future

Neurophilosophy, or the philosophy of neuroscience, is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy that explores the relevance of neuroscientific studies to the arguments traditionally categorized as philosophy of mind. Recent scientific discourse elucidates the distinction between "neurophilosophy" and "philosophy of neuroscience".

interdisciplinary field

component in a sequence of stimuli

model of the neural processing of vision and hearing

Concept in human perception of sound

bodily components, such as electrical signals, correlating to consciousness and thinking

research project

use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function

phenomenon of the nervous system

thumb|right|310px|The three instances of Freud's Structural model of the psyche|model of the soul, combined with findings of neurologyNeuropsychoanalysis represents a synthesis of psychoanalysis and modern neuroscience. It is based on Sigmund Freud's insight that phenomena such as innate needs, perceptual consciousness, and imprinting (id, ego and superego) take place within a psychic apparatus to which "spatial extension and composition of several pieces" can be attributed and whose "locus ... is the brain (nervous system)". Neuropsychoanalysis emerged as an interdisciplinary field of resear

Alertness is a state of active attention characterized by high sensory awareness. Someone who is alert is vigilant and promptly meets danger or emergency, or is quick to perceive and act. Alertness is a psychological and physiological state.

process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs

intellectual capacity of cats

program of regular activities purported to maintain or improve one's cognitive abilities

effect of stimulating physical and social surroundings on the brain

disorder

1994 book by Antonio Damasio

Biomusicology is the study of music from a biological point of view. The term was coined by Nils L. Wallin in 1991 to encompass several branches of music psychology and musicology, including evolutionary musicology, neuromusicology, and comparative musicology.

interdisciplinary field of research

state or quality by which an item stands out from its neighbors

neural, cognitive, and behavioral effects of physical exercise

subdiscipline of cognitive science

Areas in the human brain that respond with activation increases to attention-demanding tasks

type of evoked potential

explaining the brain's abilities through statistical principles

Hypercalculia is a specific developmental condition characterized by a mathematical calculation ability that is significantly superior to the individual's general learning ability and school attainment in mathematics. It is often associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and savant syndrome. Neuroimaging studies have suggested biological correlates for the condition; for instance, a 2002 neuroimaging study of a child with hypercalculia observed greater brain volume in the right temporal lobe. Serial SPECT scans have also indicated hyperperfusion over right parietal areas during the perfor

subjective awareness of initiating, executing, and controlling one's own volitional actions

change of the characteristics of one sensory modality into stimuli of another sensory modality

Mental process in which one rehearses a given action

scientific study of brain processes related to music

neuropsychology term

capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past

Neuropolitics is a science which investigates the interplay between the brain and politics. It combines work from a variety of scientific fields which includes neuroscience, political science, psychology, behavioral genetics, primatology, and ethology. Often, neuropolitics research borrow methods from cognitive neuroscience to investigate classic questions from political science such as how people make political decisions, form political / ideological attitudes, evaluate political candidates, and interact in political coalitions. However, another line of research considers the role that evolvi

psychological ability to perceive an object's physical properties and apply semantic attributes to it

brain responses phase-locked to periodic visual stimulation