Colonialism

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician, journalist, and dictator who led Italy as Il Duce from 1922 until his overthrow in 1943. He founded the fascist movement in 1919, with the creation of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, which became the National Fascist Party (PNF) in 1921. Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister of Italy after the March on Rome in 1922, establishing a totalitarian dictatorship. He oversaw Italy's participation in World War II as a prominent member of the Axis Powers, and was summarily executed near the end of the war in 1945.

thumb|A 1665 illustration of a Dutch East India Company factory in [[Hugli-Chuchura, depicting various elements of colonialism, including its hierarchies and impact on the colonized and their lands]]

A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule, which rules the territory and its indigenous peoples separated from the foreign rulers, the colonizer, and their metropole (or "mother country"). This separated rule was often organized into colonial empires, with their metropoles at their centers, making colonies neither annexed or even integrated territories, nor client states. Particularly new imperialism and its colonialism advanced this separated rule and its lasting coloniality. Colonies were most often set up and colonized for exploitation and possibly settlement by colonists.

A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a state or dependent territory that foregoes an independent foreign policy in favour of alliance with a protecting power, normally in order to ensure its defence against regional aggressors. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the suzerainty of a more powerful sovereign state without being a possession. In exchange, the protectorate accepts treaty obligations which bind it to the protecting power in foreign policy. Protectorates are established formally by a tre

thumb|right|475px|Map of the year each country or territory achieved List of sovereign states by date of formation|independence.

concept of permanent colonies outside of the astronomical body of origin – especially human settlements outside Earth

form of subnational government in which multiple sovereign powers share sovereignty over a territory

Russian general (1843–1882)

250px|thumb|Indian labourers in British Trinidad and Tobago; around 1890s

international law term meaning territory which has never been the subject of a sovereign nation

lightweight cloth-covered helmet

proposed country in North America

thumb|Satellite photograph of Asia in orthographic projection. Pan-Asianism (also known as Asianism or Greater Asianism) is an ideology aimed at creating a political and economic unity among Asian peoples. Various theories and movements of Pan-Asianism have been proposed, particularly from East, South and Southeast Asia. The motive for the movement was in opposition to the values of Western imperialism and colonialism, and that Asian values were superior to European values.

period from 1732 to 1867, when the Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast of America

sociological conception; type of domination, control, and exploitation of a territory and its people by a centre in unified state accompanied by an active cultural exchange between the metropolis and the colony without a clear boundary between them

battle between the Russian Empire and Turkmens (1881)

a war involving colonial powers and their territories.

internalized attitude of ethnic, national or cultural inferiority

1885 battle between Russian Empire and Emirate of Afghanistan

thumb|Cartoon from the republican magazine (1869-1876) denouncing caciquism and electoral fraud. It shows the liberal Sagasta, perched on the "[[universal suffrage" funnel, at the head of a cohort of caciques and members of the forces of law and order carrying ballot boxes and pushing wheelbarrows of votes, followed by "canned municipal councils", prisoners, peasants and workers, the latter of whom "vote the dead".]] Caciquism is a network of political power wielded by local leaders called "", aimed at influencing electoral outcomes. It is a feature of some modern-day societies with incomplete

Failed Russian invasion of the Khanate of Khiva

Revolt of Kazakh khanates against Russian overlordship

Russian campaign of Central Asia 1873 to colonize Khanate of Khiva

1879 battle between the Russian Empire and Turkmens

practice of exporting hazardous waste from developed countries to underdeveloped ones for disposal

In Marxist theory, a semi-colony is a country which is officially recognized as a politically independent state and as a sovereign nation, but which is in reality dependent on and/or dominated by another (imperialist) country (or, in some cases, several imperialist countries or corporations). A country could have been independent before it became a semi-colony, and it could have gained full independence after it had been a semi-colony. ==Forms of dependence and domination== The dependence or domination of a semi-colony could take different forms: economic - foreign control over the supply of

United Kingdom legislation

role of Christianity in European colonialism

genocide of Amerindian peoples of the United States

1868 siege

Italian explorer (1896-1961)