Concepts in metaphilosophy

thumb|The Thinker by [[Auguste Rodin (1840–1917) in the garden of the Musée Rodin, Paris]] In their most common sense, thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that occur independently of direct sensory stimulation. Core forms include judging, reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and deliberation. Other processes, such as entertaining an idea, memory, or imagination, are also frequently considered types of thought. Unlike perception, these activities can occur without immediate input from the sensory organs. In a broader sense, any mental event—including perception and uncon

Reality is the state of everything that exists, not how they might be imagined. Different cultures and academic disciplines conceptualize it in various ways.

Abstraction is the process of generalizing rules and concepts from specific examples, literal (real or concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods. The result of the process, an abstraction, is a concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate concepts and connects any related concepts as a group, field, or category.

Inferences are steps in logical reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that dates at least to Aristotle (300s BC). Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, c

thumb|200px|Symbol of Tao (the Way) thumb|200px|Uncreated Eight Trigrams, representing the uncreated state of a being before it incarnates into the material world. thumb|200px|Post-created Eight Trigrams, representing the state of a being after it is born into the material world.

Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology, the process of introspection relies on the observation of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's soul. Introspection is closely related to human self-reflection and self-discovery and is contrasted with external observation.

upright=0.65|thumb|The "redness" of red is an example of a quale.

the obligation on a party in a dispute to provide sufficient warrant for their position

viewpoint according to which the primary task of philosophy is criticism (judging as to the possibilities of knowledge), rather than justification of knowledge

philosophical concept

basic distinction in philosophy

Pseudophilosophy is a philosophical idea or system which does not meet an expected set of philosophical standards. There is no universally accepted set of standards, but there are similarities and some common ground.

Antiphilosophy is an opposition to traditional philosophy. It may be characterized as anti-theoretical, critical of a priori justifications, and may see common philosophical problems as misconceptions that are to be dissolved. Common strategies may involve forms of relativism, skepticism, nihilism, or pluralism.

Proposed definitions of philosophy

Non-philosophy () is a concept popularized by French philosopher François Laruelle.