Cooperatives in the Soviet Union

thumb|A former kolkhoz near Jermuk, Armenia thumb|1931 propaganda poster: "Kolkhoznik, read the book! The book will help fulfill the plan of the second Bolsheviks|Bolshevik spring!" thumb|Cotton growers at the "Zarya Vostoka" (Eastern Dawn) kolkhoz, Checheno-Ingush ASSR, 1938 A kolkhoz (Russian plural: kolkhozy; anglicized plural: kolkhozes () was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhozes. These were the major components of the agriculture in the Soviet Union. The term continued to exist in some post-Soviet states.

forced economic reforms of collective ownership of the means of production

An artel () was any of several types of cooperative associations of workers in pre-revolutionary Russia. In the Soviet Union, the term was applied to production cooperatives. They began centuries ago but were especially prevalent from the time of the emancipation of the Russian serfs (1861) through the 1950s. In the later Soviet period (1960s–1980s), the term was mostly phased out with the complete monopolization of the Soviet economy by the state.

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