Counter-Enlightenment

Austrian diplomat, foreign minister and Chancellor (1773–1859)

Jacobitism was a political ideology advocating the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. When James II of England chose exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England ruled he had "abandoned" the English throne, which was given to his Protestant daughter Mary II of England, and his nephew, her husband William III. In April 1689, on the same basis, the Scottish Convention awarded Mary and William the throne of Scotland.

major faction in the Russian Civil War

German philosopher (1730-1788)

thumb|Carlist flag from the Third Carlist War (c. 1875), with the Carlist motto [[Dios, patria y rey ("God, Fatherland and King")]] Carlism (; ; ; ) is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Don Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), on the Spanish throne.

thumb|The Labarum of [[Constantine the Great, the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity]]

political ideology

1790 Edmund Burke political book

thumb|Divine Justice smites Jean-Baptiste Pigalle's statue of [[Voltaire. Anonymous, 1773]] The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenment is generally seen to have continued from the 18th century into the early 19th century, especially with the rise of Romanticism. Its thinkers did not necessarily agree to a set of counter-doctrines but instead each challenged specific elements of Enlightenment thinking, such as the belief in progress, th

French writer (1730-1814)

French writer (1718–1776)

essay by Augustin Barruel

right|thumb|A period cartoon, showing the conflict between the Two Brothers, as children, supported and instigated, respectively, by the French King Louis Philippe I, representing the liberal side, and Czar [[Nicholas I of Russia, representing the anti-liberalist Holy Alliance]]

political party in Portugal