Cryogenics

non-destructive technique for imaging internal structures of objects or organisms

Dutch physicist, Nobel prize winner (1853-1926)

coldest possible temperature

insulated storage vessel

thumb|Liquid nitrogen|Nitrogen is a liquid under . In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.

one of the physical forms of elemental oxygen

thumb|alt=The nucleus is depicted by two red circles with inscribed plus symbols and one purple circle with no inscription. Around the nucleus there is a black ring - a symbol of an electron shell. On it are two teal circles with inscribed minus symbols, depicting electrons.|Diagram of a Helium-3 atom Helium-3 (3He see also helion) is a light, stable isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron (in contrast to the more common isotope, helium-4, which has two protons and two neutrons.) Helium-3 and hydrogen-1 are the only stable nuclides with more protons than neutrons. It was discovered

liquid state of the element hydrogen

temperature change of a real gas when undergoing a throttled expansion without heat transfer

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], "cold", βίος [bios], "life", and λόγος [logos], "word". In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below normal. Materials or systems studied may include proteins, cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms. Temperatures may range from moderately hypothermic conditions to cryogenic temperatures.

liquid state of the element helium

type of laboratory equipment

preservation of plants or animals outside their natural habitats

thumb|NASA's WISE infrared instrument is kept cold by a cryostat. The cryostat can be seen at the top of the spacecraft.

air that has been condensed into a liquid

mixture for maintaining very low temperatures in laboratories

oxygen in a solid state

hydrogen in a solid state

fuels that require storage at extremely low temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state

chemical process in the liquefaction of gas

raised edge or small pieces of material remaining attached to a workpiece after a modification process

cryogenic device for cooling to very low temperatures, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region, whose cooling power is provided by the heat of mixing of helium-3 and helium-4

combination of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen

heat engine

measure of how much a fluid expands in size or volume after an expansion process

device using sound waves to reduce heat

magnetotransport phenomenon occurring in metals in an intense magnetic field

rocket propulsion system requiring low-temperature fuels

A cryocooler is a refrigerator designed to reach cryogenic temperatures (below 120 K, -153 °C, -243.4 °F). The term is most often used for smaller systems, typically table-top size, with input powers less than about 20 kW. Some can have input powers as low as 2–3 W. Large systems, such as those used for cooling the superconducting magnets in particle accelerators are more often called cryogenic refrigerators. Their input powers can be as high as 1 MW. In most cases cryocoolers use a cryogenic fluid as the working substance and employ moving parts to cycle the fluid around

gas that has been turned into a liquid by cooling or compressing

technique for cooling gases

aspect of history

Energy storage technology based on thermal transformation of air

physical phenomenon

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