Digestive system

a thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum, jejunum, and duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric artery and coeliac artery

The hepatopancreas, digestive gland or midgut gland is an organ of the digestive tract of arthropods and molluscs. It provides the functions which in mammals are provided separately by the liver and pancreas, including the production of digestive enzymes, and absorption of digested food.

Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by taking in a substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking. In single-celled organisms, ingestion takes place by absorbing a substance through the cell membrane.

primary organ of digestion and circulation in cnidarians and platyhelminths

species of bacterium

species of bacterium

part of the enteric nervous system

Diosmectite (brand names Smecta, Smecdral) is a natural silicate of aluminium and magnesium used as an intestinal adsorbent in the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious and non-infectious acute and chronic diarrhoea, including irritable bowel syndrome diarrhea subtype. Other uses include: chronic diarrhea caused by radiation-induced, chemotherapy-induced, and HIV/AIDS-associated chronic diarrhea.

a combination of food and saliva

Bacterium Bacillus coagulans

class of transport proteins

thin layer of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract

Satiety ( ) is a state or condition of fullness gratified beyond the point of satisfaction, the opposite of hunger. Following satiation (meal termination), satiety is a feeling of fullness lasting until the next meal. When food is present in the GI tract after a meal, satiety signals overrule hunger signals, but satiety slowly fades as hunger increases.

anatomical boundary in the anal canal

cell type

species of bacterium

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

physiological phenomenon

Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination.

Valvulae conniventes

The submucosa (or tela submucosa) is a thin layer of tissue in various organs of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts. It is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that supports the mucosa (mucous membrane) and joins it to the muscular layer, the bulk of overlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle).

cell type

digestive system structure

the border between the duodenum and the jejunum

part of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth cavity, bounded superiorly by the soft palate, laterally by the palatoglossal arches, and inferiorly by the tongue

continued activity of the lactase enzyme in adulthood, enabling digestion of dairy products

cell type

An enterogastrone is any hormone secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum in the lower gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary lipids that inhibits the caudal (or "forward, analward") motion of the contents of chyme. The function of enterogastrones is almost the same as gastric inhibitory polypeptide — i.e., to inhibit gastric secretion and stomach motility.

any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite

Synbiotics refer to food ingredients or dietary supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism, hence synbiotics. Synbiotics may be complementary synbiotics, where each component is independently chosen for its potential effect on host health, or synergistic synbiotics, where the prebiotic component is chosen to support the activity of the chosen probiotic. Research is evaluating if synbiotics can be optimized, (known as 'optibiotics') which are purported to enhance the growth and health benefits of existing probiotics.

Psychobiotics is a term used in preliminary research to refer to live bacteria that, when ingested in appropriate amounts, might confer a mental health benefit by affecting microbiota of the host organism. Whether bacteria might play a role in the gut-brain axis is under research. A 2020 literature review suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to restore mental health although lacking randomized controlled trials on clear mental health outcomes in humans.

Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain.

enzyme-facilitated splitting of molecular bonds with water

word in the English language most commonly used in reference to flatulence

thumb|This diagram shows the monogastric digestive system of a human and rabbit. Notice the difference in cecum size between the two species. A monogastric organism defines one of the many types of digestive tracts found among different species of animals. The defining feature of a monogastric is that it has a simple single-chambered stomach (one stomach). A monogastric can be classified as an herbivore, an omnivore (facultative carnivore), or a carnivore (obligate carnivore). Herbivores have a plant-based diet, omnivores have a plant and meat-based diet, and carnivores only eat meat. Examples

Haptocorrin (HC) (also known as transcobalamin-1 (TC-1), or cobalophilin) is a transcobalamin glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the gene. It is essential to protect the acid-sensitive vitamin B12 from degradation while in the stomach. It is also present in the serum where it binds most circulating vitamin B12, rendering it unavailable for uptake by cells (this is conjectured to be a circulating storage function).

thumb|alt=Alessio Fasano|Alessio Fasano Zonulin (haptoglobin 2 precursor) is a protein that increases the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract. It was discovered in 2000 by Alessio Fasano and his team at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. As the mammalian analogue of zonula occludens toxin, secreted by cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae, zonulin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus type 1. Type 2 diabetic patients have shown increased zonulin. However, in recent years, researchers in the field ha

medical term

Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis. It usually occurs as a precursor to vomiting. Local irritation of the stomach, such as bacteria or food poisoning, activates the emetic center of the brain which in turn signals an imminent vomiting reflex. Retroperistalsis begins in the small intestine and pyloric sphincter. Food then moves in the opposite direction, often from the duodenum into the stomach.

Postbiotics are preparations of dead microorganisms and/or their components that are believed to confer a health benefit on the host. Most such preparations are derived from bacteria believed to be beneficial (so-called probiotics), with most purported benefits having to do with the digestive tract.

digestive process seen in monogastric herbivores with a simple, single-chambered stomach

Glands in the digestive system

hormone secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa

Cholangiocytes are the epithelial cells of the bile duct. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and carbonate-secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. They contribute to hepatocyte survival by transporting bile acids.

type of gastric motility

valves in the proximal mucosa of the cystic duct