Dilemmas

canonical example of a game analyzed in game theory

thumb|Cartoon showing William Ewart Gladstone in a dilemma: If he climbs to escape the guard dog he will face the man's wrath, but if he drops to avoid the man, the dog will attack him.

informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives, when in fact there is at least one additional option

Zugzwang (; ) is a situation found in chess and other turn-based games wherein one player is put at a disadvantage because of their obligation to make a move; a player is said to be "in zugzwang" when any legal move will worsen their position.

thought experiment in ethics

consumption of goods & services without payment

metaphor about the challenges of human intimacy

relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature" in the sense of nativism or innatism) as compared to an individual's personal experiences ("nurture" in the sense of empiricism or behaviorism)

actions by state actors likely to lead to escalation of tensions unwanted by all parties

2016 film directed by Derek Cianfrance

dilemma between painful truth and blissful ignorance

ethical problem on the origin of morality posed by Socrates

bible story and art theme

idiom deriving from Greek mythology

thought experiment about the impossibility of proving any truth: in response to repeated "but why?"s, only the circular argument, infinite regress, or axiomatic argument are possible

situation in which an individual cannot or is incapable of avoiding a problem because of contradictory constraints or rules

confrontation among two or more parties in which no participant can proceed or retreat without being exposed to danger

conflict of economic interests that arises between short-term domestic and long-term international objectives for countries whose currencies serve as global reserve currencies

paradox

test in the fictional Star Trek universe

decision-making problem between two conflicting moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable

information with (mutually exclusive) double meaning in communication between people

property of a set of predictive models whereby models with a lower bias in parameter estimation have a higher variance of the parameter estimates across samples, and vice versa

game theory case weighing own/others' sacrifice

debate concerning diversion of food supply for biofuels production

free choice in which only one option is offered

Ethical thought experiment

non-zero-sum game thought experiment

type of collective action problem

guiding principle for a moral dilemma

political rhetoric

in game theory, an 'n-player. version of the "prisoner's dilemma"

Hypothetical scenario debating the justifications of torture

problem of interpreting a lack of response to a posting in a virtual community

Moral dilemma

false dilemma in which contradictory observations lead to the same conclusion

dilemma named after dramatist Pierre Corneille

limit on the speed of beneficial evolution, first calculated by J. B. S. Haldane in 1957, and clarified further by later commentators

situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action

problem in political thought

play written by George Bernard Shaw

extension of the prisoner's dilemma

Rule of inference of propositional logic