Distillation

thumb|upright|300px|Laboratory model of a still.1: The heat source to boil the mixture2: round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled3: the head of the still4: mixture boiling-point thermometer5: the condenser of the still6: the cooling-water inlet of the condenser7: the cooling-water outlet of the condenser8: the distillate-receiving flask9: vacuum pump and gas inlet10: the receiver of the still11: the heat control for heating the mixture12: stirring mechanism speed control13: stirring mechanism and heating plate14: heating bath (oil/sand) for the flask15: the stirring mechanism (no

thumb|An old whiskey [[still]] thumb|A display of various liquors in a supermarket thumb|Some single-drink liquor bottles available in Germany Liquor ( , sometimes hard liquor), spirits, distilled spirits, or spiritous liquor are alcoholic drinks produced by the distillation of grains, fruits, vegetables, or sugar that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. While the word liquor usually refers to distilled alcoholic spirits rather than drinks produced by fermentation alone, it can sometimes be used more broadly to refer to any alcoholic beverage (or even non-alcoholic ones produced

industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products

physical law that the pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituents

hypothetical pressure of gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature

process of separation of a mixture into its component parts by evaporation and recondensation at controlled temperature and pressure

law of thermodynamics

water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation

thumb|A modern do it yourself|DIY pot still

thumb|upright=1.2|Picture of an alembic from a medieval manuscript

piece of laboratory apparatus

mixtures of several alcohols (chiefly amyl alcohol) produced as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation; from the German word Fusel (“bad liquor”)

separation or extraction process for organic compounds

distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy

device used in chemical laboratories

artifact used in distillation of liquid mixtures

thumb|right|The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.

heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids)

water treated to remove dissolved solutes or suspended impurities

in chemistry, whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events

thumb|upright=1.25|Swan-necked copper pot stills in the [[Glenfiddich distillery]] 250px|thumbnail|right|A still at Mackmyra Whisky|Mackmyra Whisky Distillery thumb|upright|Column still from [[Kilbeggan Distillery in County Westmeath in Ireland.]] A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. A still uses the same concepts as a basic distillation apparatus, but on a much larger scale. Stills have been used to produce perfume and medicine, water for injection (WFI) for pharmaceutical use, generally to separate and

any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation

ratio of vapor concentration to liquid concentration at equilibrium

Chemical engineering technique

aqueous product of the hydrodistillation of volatile organic substances

type of distillation apparatus or still used to distill flavored liquors such as whisky or cognac

distillation in the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively non-volatile solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture

Equation used in chemical engineering

Form of distillation

type of random column packing used in chemical industry

group of petroleum distillation products having boiling points between kerosene and lubricating oil

a thermally driven separation process in which separation is driven by phase change. A hydrophobic membrane presents a barrier for the liquid phase, allowing the vapour phase (e.g. water vapour) to pass through the membrane's pores.

Hypothetical stage of matter

Process of decomposition of organic material by heating it in the absence of air.

Reboilers are heat exchangers typically used to provide heat to the bottom of industrial distillation columns. They boil the liquid from the bottom of a distillation column to generate vapors which are returned to the column to drive the distillation separation. The heat supplied to the column by the reboiler at the bottom of the column is removed by the condenser at the top of the column.

distils water with substances dissolved in it by using the heat of the Sun to evaporate water so that it may be cooled and collected, thereby purifying it

Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation, characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still

process in chemistry

French chemist and physicist (1768-1807)

apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures consisting of two columns

measure of vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture

A visbreaker is a processing unit in an oil refinery whose purpose is to minimize the quantity of residual oil produced in the distillation of crude oil and to increase the yield of more valuable middle distillates (heating oil and diesel) by the refinery. A visbreaker thermally cracks large hydrocarbon molecules in the oil by heating in a furnace to lower its viscosity and to produce small quantities of light hydrocarbons. (LPG and gasoline). The process name of "visbreaker" refers to the fact that the process lowers (i.e., breaks) the viscosity of the residual oil. The process is non-catalyt

chemistry apparatus specialized for the distillation of air-sensitive substances

A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.

A de-asphalter is a unit in a crude oil refinery or bitumen upgrader that separates asphalt from the residuum fraction of crude oil or bitumen. The primary purpose of the separation is to remove contaminants (asphaltenes, metals) from the feed that would cause rapid deactivation of catalysts in downstream processing units. In doing so, the de-asphalter is the first step in a series of processes that upgrade a low-value feedstock to high-value refined products.