distillation
Sign in to savethumb|upright|300px|Laboratory model of a still.1: The heat source to boil the mixture2: round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled3: the head of the still4: mixture boiling-point thermometer5: the condenser of the still6: the cooling-water inlet of the condenser7: the cooling-water outlet of the condenser8: the distillate-receiving flask9: vacuum pump and gas inlet10: the receiver of the still11: the heat control for heating the mixture12: stirring mechanism speed control13: stirring mechanism and heating plate14: heating bath (oil/sand) for the flask15: the stirring mechanism (no
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Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures by heating them until they boil, then cooling and condensing the vapors back into liquid form in a separate container, allowing different components to be collected based on their different boiling points. This technique matters because it allows people to purify liquids or separate mixtures into their individual components, which is useful in laboratories and industrial settings.
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37 sectionsContents
- History
- Iron Age
- Classical antiquity
- Greek and Roman terminology
- Aristotle
- Alexandrian chemists
- Classical India and Ancient China
- Islamic Golden Age
- Medieval China
- Modern era
- Applications
- Idealized model
- Batch or differential distillation
- Continuous distillation
- General improvements
- Laboratory procedures
- Simple distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Steam distillation
- Vacuum distillation
- Molecular distillation
- Short-path distillation
- Air-sensitive vacuum distillation
- Closed-system vacuum distillation (cryovap)
- Other types
- Azeotropic process
- Breaking an azeotrope with unidirectional pressure manipulation
- Pressure-swing distillation
- Industrial process
- Multi-effect distillation
- In food processing
- Beverages
- Gallery
- See also
- References
- Further reading
- External links
thumb|upright|300px|Laboratory model of a still.1: The heat source to boil the mixture2: round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled3: the head of the still4: mixture boiling-point thermometer5: the condenser of the still6: the cooling-water inlet of the condenser7: the cooling-water outlet of the condenser8: the distillate-receiving flask9: vacuum pump and gas inlet10: the receiver of the still11: the heat control for heating the mixture12: stirring mechanism speed control13: stirring mechanism and heating plate14: heating bath (oil/sand) for the flask15: the stirring mechanism (not shown, e.g. boiling chips or mechanical stirring machine)16: the distillate-cooling water bath.
Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances by selective boiling of the mixture and the condensation of the vapors in a still.