Early Modern witch hunts

ancient judicial practice to determine guilt through an unpleasant experience

Häxan (, The Witch; Heksen , The Witch; English: The Witches; released in the US in 1968 as Witchcraft Through the Ages) is a 1922 Swedish-Danish silent horror essay film written and directed by Benjamin Christensen. Consisting partly of documentary-style storytelling as well as dramatized narrative sequences, the film purports to chart the historical roots and superstitions surrounding witchcraft, beginning in the Middle Ages through the 20th century. Based partly on Christensen's own study of the Malleus Maleficarum, a 15th-century German guide for inquisitors, Häxan proposes that such witch

thumb|The magic circle|magical circle and triangle, magical objects/symbols used in the evocation of the seventy-two spirits of the Ars Goetia

chair or commode where offenders are strapped as a form of punishment

Hypothetical mark on the body indicating a person was a witch

aspect of history

overview of the topic

1990 film

Wikipedia overview article