Electrochemistry

emission of electrons when light hits a material

thumb|Illustration of a Hofmann voltameter|Hofmann electrolysis apparatus used in a school laboratory

thumb|English chemist John Frederic Daniell|John Daniell (left) and physicist [[Michael Faraday (right), both credited as founders of electrochemistry]] Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically conducting phase (typically an external electric circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in

process by which neurons communicate with each other by changes in their membrane potentials.

chemical compound used to oxidize another substance

thumb|The Solar Settlement, a sustainable housing community project in [[Freiburg, Germany|upright=1.2]] thumb|Charging station in France that provides energy for electric cars using solar energy|upright=1.2 thumb|Solar panels on the International Space Station|upright=1.2Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors.

physical law regarding electrolysis

instrument that indicates acidity or alkalinity in water-based solutions, expressed as pH

electric current generation from light

In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside. Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism. thumb|right|Action potential in a [[neuron, showing depolarization, in which the cell's internal charge becomes less negative (more positive), and repolarization, where the internal charge returns to a more negative value.]] Most cells in higher o

In chemistry, electro-osmotic flow (EOF, hyphen optional; synonymous with electro-osmosis or electro-endosmosis) is the motion of liquid induced by an applied potential across a porous material, capillary tube, membrane, microchannel, or any other fluid conduit. Because electro-osmotic velocities are independent of conduit size, as long as the electrical double layer is much smaller than the characteristic length scale of the channel, electro-osmotic flow will have little effect. Electro-osmotic flow is most significant when in small channels, and is an essential component in chemical separati

electromotive force of a cell built of two electrodes

layer enriched with ions of opposite charge to that carried by a solid surface to maintain electroneutrality in solution

intensive physical property of substances

measure of a charge carrier's net electrostatic effect in a solution and how far it persists

type of electrochemical battery, where the electroactive components are present (usually, dissolved) in a flowing fluid (usually, liquid but also gas) phases.

cells use an electrolyte in the form of a paste that has impregnated a paper substrate, which also serves as a separator

In chemistry, a half reaction (or half-cell reaction) is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. Often, the concept of half reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell, such as a Galvanic cell battery at one of the two electrodes.

reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen

chemical compound

measuring dielectric properties of a medium for differing frequencies

plot of thermodynamically stable phases of an aqueous electrochemical system

main component of cathodic protection

physical law about electrical discharge in gases

thumb|Cs-K-Sb photocathode centered on a Molybdenum plug (a) after growth in the preparation chamber and (b) after transfer into the photoinjector

thumb|right|Galvanism: electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position Galvanism is a term coined by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action. The term also came to refer to the discoveries of its namesake, Luigi Galvani, specifically the generation of electric current within biological organisms and the contraction/convulsion of biological muscle tissue upon contact with electric current. While Volta theorized and later demonstrated the phenomenon of his "Galvanism" to be replicable wit

change in a cell membrane potential causing it to become more negative

An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH scale) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the solution is used as the gate electrode. A voltage between substrate and oxide surfaces arises due to an ion sheath. It is a special type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), and shares the same basic structure, but with the metal gate replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference ele

thumb|Electromigration (red arrow) is due to the momentum transfer from the electrons moving in a wire Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the structure size in electronics such as integrated circuits (ICs) decreases, the practical significance of this effect increases.

In electrochemistry, a half-cell is a structure that contains a conductive electrode and a surrounding conductive electrolyte separated by a naturally occurring Helmholtz double layer. Chemical reactions within this layer momentarily pump electric charges between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a potential difference between the electrode and the electrolyte. The typical anode reaction involves a metal atom in the electrode being dissolved and transported as a positive ion across the double layer, causing the electrolyte to acquire a net positive charge while the electrode acqu

ion-exchange membrane specific for protons

In electrochemistry, electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds in an electrochemical cell. Compared to ordinary redox reactions, electrosynthesis sometimes offers improved selectivity and yields. In electrosynthesis, the reactants are activated in-situ using energy from an applied electric field. Electrosynthesis may be better aligned with principles of Green Chemistry compared to reactions using traditional stoichiometric reagents; they may improve energy efficiency, waste, safety or atom economy. However, it may still require hazardous solvents, electrolytes, conductivity aids,

representation of oxidation states of a chemical species

Model describing the departures from ideality in solutions of electrolytes and plasmas

Bioelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry concerned with electrophysiological topics like cell electron-proton transport, cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes.

fraction of electrical current carried by given ionic species

sensor device

aspect of history

Wikimedia list article

French chemist (1840-1898)

equation used to calculate the electromigration of ions in a fluid

family of several different effects that occur in heterogeneous fluids, or in porous bodies filled with fluid, or in a fast flow over a flat surface

graph showing the free energy vs oxidation state of a chemical species

A ceramic with room temperature stable cubic crystal structure

thumb|A labeled diagram of an action potential. As seen above, repolarization takes place just after the peak of the action potential, when K+ ions rush out of the cell. In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential. The ion

a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction

In materials science, MXenes (pronounced "max-enes") are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds along with MBorenes, that consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. The first MXene was reported in 2011 at Drexel University's College of Engineering, and was named by combining the prefix "MAX" or "MX" (for MAX phases), with "ene" by analogy to graphene.

Electromethanogenesis is a form of electrofuel production where methane is produced by direct biological conversion of electrical current and carbon dioxide.

branch of engineering dealing with the technological applications of electrochemical phenomena

American chemist (1912–2007)

inorganic compound with the chemical formula NiO(OH)

type of electrical phanomenons

field of chemistry which studies rates of electrochemical processes

field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution.

thumb|175px|A platinum cathode electrocatalyst's stability being measured by chemist Xiaoping Wang

Magnetoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry dealing with magnetic effects in electrochemistry.

Awards of the Royal Society of Chemistry

electrical impedance which models diffusion in dieletric spectroscopy