Environmental soil science

thumb|right|A landslide near Cusco, Peru, in 2018 thumb|A NASA model has been developed to look at how potential landslide activity is changing around the world. thumb|Animation of a landslide in San Mateo County, California in the United States thumb|Landslips thumb|Noire River (Sainte-Anne River tributary)|Noire River (Rivière Noire), Saint-Alban landslide 1894, [[Quebec, Canada]] Landslides, also known as landslips, rockslips or rockslides, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, mudflows, shallow or deep-seated slope failures

upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of Drylands|dryland areas based on the [[aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the hyper-arid category (light yellow).]] thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification in Somalia Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.

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thumb|Amazon rainforest biotope

thumb|Aerial view of Flevopolder, the [[Netherlands]] alt=|thumb|Satellite imagery|Satellite image of [[Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands (595.41 km2)]] A polder () is a low-lying tract of land that forms an artificial hydrological entity, enclosed by embankments known as dikes. The three types of polder are:

science of relationships between ecological processes in the environmental landscape and particular ecosystems

thumb|right|300px|Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on an indwelling [[catheter]]

thumb|A gully in Avaré, Brazil

Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, fuel gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings. The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may o

Soil salinization happens when the salt content in soil increases above normal, naturally occurring levels

thumb|upright=1.7| (A) Root system architecture is concerned with structural features of the root and responds to with environmental stimuli. (B) The rhizosphere produces photosynthetically fixed carbon that exudes into the soil and influences soil physicochemical gradients. (C) Free-living or [[parasitic nematodes interact with the rhizosphere via signaling interactions. (D) Mycorrhizal fungi create intimate relationships with the roots and engage in nutrient exchange. (E) Bacterial composition is distinct upon different parts, age, type of the roots.]]

thumb|upright=1.3|Some heavy metals such as copper and zinc are removed from the soil by moving up into the plant roots.

geological phenomenon when soil material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid

process of creating new land from oceans, riverbeds, or lakes

alt=A large pile of biochar|thumb|A pile of biochar thumb|alt=Biochar mixture ready for soil application|Biochar mixture ready for soil application Biochar is a form of charcoal, sometimes modified, that is intended for organic use, as in soil. It is the lightweight black remnants remaining after the pyrolysis of biomass, consisting of carbon and ashes. Despite its name, biochar is sterile immediately after production and only gains biological life following assisted or incidental exposure to biota. Biochar is defined by the International Biochar Initiative as the "solid material obtained from

municipality of the state of Pará, Brazil

thumb|right| Biosolids composting plant biofilter mound - note sprinkler visible front right to maintain proper moisture level for optimum functioning

geomorphic process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope

preservation of soil nutrients

thumb|300px|Revegetation on the banks of the Potomac River, USA thumb|302x302px|CSIRO ScienceImage 4361 Revegetation of degraded site northern China 1991 thumb|302x302px|Riparian revegetation work at the Mount Polley mine in British Columbia, Canada Revegetation is the process of replanting and rebuilding the soil of disturbed land. This may be a natural process produced by plant colonization and succession, manmade rewilding projects, accelerated process designed to repair damage to a landscape due to wildfire, mining, flood, or other cause. Originally the process was simply one of applying s

stagnation of water

slow, downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope

thumb|right|300px|Hydroseeding being carried out at the Isle of Grain, Kent, UK thumb|right|300px|A commercial hydroseeder

improvement of damaged location

water purification device

study of the ecology of microorganisms

type of subsurface wastewater disposal facility

contamination of water by excessive inputs of nutrients

pollution resulting from multiple sources

thumb|Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom)|300x300px Mycoremediation (from ancient Greek (), meaning "fungus", and the suffix , in Latin meaning 'restoring balance') is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydroc

Land use and runoff management technique

thumb|Urban runoff entering a [[storm drain]]

gluey polymers secreted by microorganisms to form biofilms

type of soil formed by sedimentation in estuaries

thumb|Runoff from the vicinity flows into an adjacent bioswale Bioswales are channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution. Bioswales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater, reducing flooding and erosion, and creating a valuable habitat for pollinators.

artificial structures—such as pavements covered with water-tight materials

thumb|A bioretention cell, also called a rain garden, in the [[United States. It is designed to treat polluted stormwater runoff from an adjacent parking lot. Plants are in winter dormancy.]]

Bioclogging or biological clogging refers to the blockage of pore space in soil by microbial biomass, including active cells and their byproducts such as extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The microbial biomass obstructs pore spaces, creating an impermeable layer in the soil and significantly reducing water infiltration rates.

study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere

research work

Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting nutrients and electron acceptors, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon (e.g. in the form of molasses). Alternatively, remediation of halogenated contaminants in anaerobic environments may be stimulated by adding electron donors (organic substrates), thus allowing indigenous microorganisms to use the halogenated contaminants as electron acceptors. EPA Anaerobic Bioremediation Technologies Additives are usu

soil type

thumb|right|200px|The Markerwaard would be on what is now the Markermeer

wastewater treatment process

controlling the problem of soil salinity

Body of surface water in a channel with surrounding undeveloped land dominated by grasses

Type of mathematical model

thumb|Sidewalks are a common form of hardscaping Hardscape is hard landscape materials in the built environment structures that are incorporated into a landscape. This can include paved areas, driveways, retaining walls, sleeper walls, stairs, walkways, and any other landscaping made up of hard wearing materials such as wood, stone, and concrete, as opposed to softscape, the horticultural elements of a landscape.

Living Machine is a trademark and brand name for a patented form of ecological wastewater treatment.

Largely undeveloped or wild land, usually forested, surrounding a river or stream

Landfarming is an ex situ waste treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are transported to the landfarming site, mixed into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a clay or composite liner to intercept leaching contaminants and prevent groundwater pollution, however, a liner is not a universal requirement.