Events that forced the climate

extinction event ending the Mesozoic Era

mass extinction event at the end of the Permian Period approximately 250 million years ago

Laki () or Lakagígar (, Craters of Laki) is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur. The fissure is properly referred to as Lakagígar, while Laki is a mountain that the fissure bisects. Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Þórðarhyrna. It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull, in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction.

1816, a volcanic winter event during the Little Ice Age

large igneous province in Siberia

temperature anomaly event caused by a volcanic eruption

Huaynaputina ( ; ) is a volcano in a volcanic high plateau in southern Peru. Lying in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it was formed by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American Plate. Huaynaputina is a large volcanic crater, which lacks an identifiable mountain profile, with an outer stratovolcano and three younger volcanic vents within an amphitheatre-shaped structure that is either a former caldera or a remnant of glacial erosion. The volcano has erupted dacitic magma.

mass extinction at the end of the Triassic

major volcanic eruption around 1600 BCE

large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau

catastrophic volcanic eruption

geological signature, usually a thin band of rock, marking the transition from the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the Paleogene Period, dated with radiometric methods, at the age of 66.043 ± 0.011 Ma

catastrophic volcanic eruption in present-day Indonesia

hypothetical geoclimactic event

global climate change and biotic turnover that occurred during the Carnian or early Late Triassic

volcanic supereruption 74,000 years ago in Indonesia

major volcanic eruption in New Zealand

major eruption of the Samalas volcano in Indonesia

VEI 7 Volcanic eruption around 40,000 years BP

world's most recent supereruption, of Taupo Volcano, New Zealand

volcanic eruption in the Philippines in 1991

hypothesis that multicellular life, understood as a superorganism, is suicidal, and that microbial-triggered mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to a microbial-dominated state

caldera in Idaho and Wyoming, United States

change in glacial cycles occurring 1 Mya (Pleistocene), from 41000-year glacial cycles (Milankovitch forcing) to 100000-year asymmetric cycles