Exercise physiology

three independent systems that work together: cardiovascular, pulmonary and systemic

the energy-carrying molecule in living cells

Fatigue is a state of being without energy for a prolonged period of time. Fatigue is used in two contexts: in the medical sense, and in the sense of normal tiredness.

group of stereoisomers

thumb|upright=1.25|Schematic two-dimensional cross-sectional view of glycogen: A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of [[glucose units. The entire globular granule may contain around 30,000 glucose units.]] thumb|A view of the atomic structure of a single branched strand of [[glucose units in a glycogen molecule.]]

metabolic pathway

simplest of the alpha-keto acids

steroidal androgen that is structurally related and has similar effects to testosterone

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells. In multicellular organisms, growth is typically achieved through a combination of this cellular enlargement and hyperplasia, which is an increase in the number of cells. While distinct processes, they often occur concurrently. Hypertrophy can lead to a relative increase in the volume of a tissue or organ, and contributes to the overall growth of an organism. In organisms characterized by eutely, where the total number of somatic cells is fixed upon reaching maturity, post-embryonic growth is achieved almost exclusively through hypertr

upright=1.15|thumb|A series of images that represent research (left) and practice (right) in the field of academic kinesiology

process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity

biological metric

physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process

pain in muscles after exercise

Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of autoregulation, just as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.

physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate formation

study devoted to understanding the acute and chronic responses to physical activity

full body exercise based on squat thrusts, providing cardio and strength training

enlargement or overgrowth of a muscle organ

Static contraction exercise

thumb|Man lifting

Overtraining occurs when a person exceeds their body's ability to recover from strenuous exercise. Overtraining can be described as a point at which a person may have a decrease in performance or plateau as a result of failure to perform at a certain level or training-load consistently; a load which exceeds their recovery capacity. People who are overtrained cease making progress, and can even begin to lose strength and fitness. Overtraining is also known as chronic fatigue, burnout, and overstress in athletes.

athletes practicing at high altitude

physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities

anatomy term for the human body minus the limbs

thumb|400px|Heterochronism of supercompensation: Different parameters require different amounts of time to recover after strain. Tendons and [[bone tissue require considerably longer to adapt than muscle tissue.]]In sports science theory, supercompensation refers to the post-training period during which the trained parameter has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training period.

thickening of the walls of a ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart

Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity

neural, cognitive, and behavioral effects of physical exercise

force applied by the hand

A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) in response to muscular contractions. They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects; their systemic effects occur at picomolar concentrations.

display of extreme strength by humans and some animals, usually occurring when in life-and-death situations

catabolism of ATP into ADP

4-Hydroxytestosterone (4-OHT), also known as 4,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone that was never marketed. It was first patented by G.D. Searle & Company in 1955 and is testosterone with a hydroxy group at the four position. 4-OHT has moderate anabolic, mild androgenic, and anti-aromatase properties and is similar to the steroid clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone).

loss of ability of a muscle to generate force

measurement of the heat from living organisms through indirect means

concept in strength training

medical condition

muscle contraction that maintains constant tension as the muscle changes length

ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement

medical condition

facial mask that limits the intake of air during breathing

anaerobic exercise test

oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise

ability to move with competence in physical activities