Genetic genealogy

movement of people for resettlement

An allele is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule.

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population

Italian comune

matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans

most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth

Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources. This form of genetic analysis can be applied to human, animal, and plant specimens. Ancient DNA can be extracted from various fossilized specimens including bones, eggshells, and artificially preserved tissues in human and animal specimens. In plants, ancient DNA can be extracted from seeds and tissue. Archaeogenetics provides us with genetic evidence of ancient population group migrations, domestication events, and plant and animal evolution. The ancient DNA cross referenced with the DNA of

patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans

thumb|363px|DNA molecule 1 differs from DNA molecule 2 at a single base-pair location (a C/A polymorphism). A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended

relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population

use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and find ancestors

DNA isolated from ancient specimens

gradual variation of the characteristics of a species along its territory

book by Richard Dawkins

DNA-based genetic test

relevance of genotype to race classification

genetics on the peopling of the Americas

Heteroplasmy describes the presence of different copies of organellar DNA (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or plastid DNA) within a single cell or individual. Although previously considered a transient, and often, deleterious state, persistent populations of heteroplasmic individuals have been recorded across plants, animals, and fungi. In animals and fungi, heteroplasmy can be found in mtDNA while plants can exhibit heteroplasmy in mtDNA and ptDNA. Heteroplasmy exists at various degrees of severity and can be caused by various processes such as somatic mutation, DNA recombination, and paternal mtDN

probability model, originally to model the extinction of family names

field within anthropology

2001 novel by Bryan Sykes

cave

possible earliest ancestor of the LUCA ancestral cell

in DNA phylogenetics

Genghis Khan family tree

Paleogenomics is a field of science based on the reconstruction and analysis of genomic information in extinct species. Improved methods for the extraction of ancient DNA (aDNA) from museum artifacts, ice cores, archeological or paleontological sites, and next-generation sequencing technologies have spurred this field. It is now possible to detect genetic drift, ancient population migration and interrelationships, the evolutionary history of extinct plant, animal and Homo species, and identification of phenotypic features across geographic regions. Scientists can also use paleogenomics to comp

reference sequence of the human mitochondrial DNA

movement by people from one place to another over the course of history

Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers.

East Asian genetic history

1912 disappearance of a 4 year old American boy

North African genetic history

highly polymorphic nuclear or mitochondrial DNA region

DNA analyses of ethnic Bulgarians

DNA analysis of Croat populations

Wikimedia list article

thumb|upright=2|Screenshot of a chromatogram inside the program "Sequencher" thumb|upright=3|Capillary Electrophoresis to Electropherogram process (Courtesy of www.biointeractive.org) thumb|300px|Generation of results

class of genetic markers used to define haplogroups