Genome editing

American biochemist

French microbiologist and biochemist (born 1968)

thumb|262px|Diagram of the CRISPR prokaryotic antiviral defense mechanism CRISPR (; acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic CRISPR is derived from a DNA fragment of a bacteriophage that had previously infected the prokaryote or one of its ancestors. These sequences are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.

Chinese biophysicist (1984-)

biochemical method to cut and edit DNA

type of genetic engineering

Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9, formerly Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a DNA cutting enzyme that is part of the CRISPR immune system in bacteria and archaea. It has been adapted to be used as a CRISPR genome editing tool that enables targeted modification of DNA sequences and permanently changes a cell’s genome.

Chinese-American synthetic biologist

bioethical controversy

human embryo which has been genetically modified

way to propagate genes throughout a population

class of artificial enzymes

subtype of RNA involved in nucleic acids editing

nascent field of synthetic biology that uses aspects of genetic modification on pre-existing life forms, or artificial gene synthesis to create new DNA or entire lifeforms

artificial nucleases that cleave DNA at a defined distance from specific sequences

Anti-CRISPR (Anti-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain bacteria. CRISPR consists of genomic sequences that can be found in prokaryotic organisms, that come from bacteriophages that infected the bacteria beforehand, and are used to defend the cell from further viral attacks. Anti-CRISPR results from an evolutionary process occurred in phages in order to avoid having their genomes destroyed by the prokaryotic cells that they will infect.

biotechnological elimination of involuntary suffering

Cas12a (CRISPR-associated protein 12a, previously known as Cpf1) is an RNA-guided endonuclease-exonuclease that forms an essential component of the CRISPR systems found in some bacteria and archaea. In its natural context, Cas12a targets and destroys the genetic material of viruses and other foreign mobile genetic elements, thereby protecting the host cell from infection. Like other Cas enzymes, Cas12a binds to a "guide" RNA (termed a crRNA, or CRISPR RNA) which targets it to a DNA sequence in a specific and programmable matter. In the host organism, the crRNA contains a constant region that i

Experimental genome editing technique

form of existential risk that could come from biological sources, such as genetically engineered biological agents

Italian microbiologist, politic, academic and science divulgator (born 1954)

type of base-pair DNA sequence

manipulating the epigenome at the target region with little modification of the genomic DNA

segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue

programmable transcriptional activator

biologist