Greek letters

alphabet used to write the ancient or modern Greek language

Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , whose name comes from the West Semitic word for 'ox'. Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter and the Cyrillic letter .

Beta (, ; uppercase , lowercase , or cursive ; or ) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In Ancient Greek, beta represented the voiced bilabial plosive . In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced bilabial fricative while in borrowed words is instead commonly transcribed as μπ. Letters that arose from beta include the Roman letter and the Cyrillic letters and .

fourth letter of the Greek alphabet

Gamma (; uppercase , lowercase ; ) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. In Ancient Greek, the letter gamma represented a voiced velar stop . In Modern Greek, this letter normally represents a voiced velar fricative , except before either of the two front vowels (/e/, /i/), where it represents a voiced palatal fricative ; while /g/ in foreign words is instead commonly transcribed as γκ).

Theta (, , uppercase Θ or ϴ; lowercase θ; cursive ϑ; thē̂ta ; Modern: thī́ta ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth 𐤈. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9.

Omega (, ; uppercase Ω, lowercase ω) is the twenty-fourth and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system/isopsephy (gematria), it has a value of 800. The name of the letter was originally ( ), but it was later changed to ( 'big o') in the Middle Ages to distinguish it from omicron , whose name means 'small o', as both letters had come to be pronounced . In modern Greek, its name has fused into ().

thumb|upright=0.5|Archaic form of Phi|class=skin-invert-image

sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet

Omicron (, ; uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, ) is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter ayin: 16px|class=skin-invert. In classical Greek, omicron represented the close-mid back rounded vowel in contrast to omega, which represented the open-mid back rounded vowel , and the digraph which represented the long close back rounded vowel . In modern Greek, both omicron and omega represent the mid back rounded vowel . Letters that arose from omicron include Roman O and Cyrillic O and Ю. The name of the letter was originally ( ), but it was later change

thumb|right|75px|Variant kappa|class=skin-invert-image thumb|right|Greek word καί written with a handwritten variant of kappa, from the Byzantine period|class=skin-invert-image Kappa (; uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ; , káppa) is the tenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless velar plosive sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph (𐤊). Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. The uppercase form is identical to the Latin K.

Epsilon (, uppercase ', lowercase or '; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel or . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He (𐤄‎). Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally ( ), but it was later changed to ( 'simple e') in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced , and because the digraph had become unsuitable

mu, twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet

Zeta (, ; uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: ζῆτα, , classical or zē̂ta; zíta) is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 7. It was derived from the Phoenician letter zayin (𐤆). Letters that arose from zeta include the Roman Z and Cyrillic З.

Tau (; uppercase Τ, lowercase τ or ; ) is the nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless dental or alveolar plosive . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 300.

Lambda (; uppercase ', lowercase ; , ; , ), sometimes rendered lamda, labda or lamma', is the eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced alveolar lateral approximant ; it derives from the Phoenician letter Lamed, and gave rise to Latin L and Cyrillic El (). In the system of Greek numerals, lambda has a value of 30. The ancient grammarians typically called it (, ) in Classical Greek times, whereas in Modern Greek it is (, ), while the spelling () was used (to varying degrees) throughout the lengthy transition between the two.

Eta ( ; uppercase ', lowercase '; ē̂ta or ita ) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the close front unrounded vowel, . Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative, , in most dialects of Ancient Greek, its sound value in the classical Attic dialect was a long open-mid front unrounded vowel, , which was raised to in Hellenistic Greek, a process known as iotacism or itacism.

Rho (; uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ''''''; or ) is the seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from the Phoenician letter resh 20px|class=skin-invert. Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings.

Greek letter “chi” or “khi”

twenty-third letter of the Greek alphabet

Sigma ( ; uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς; ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. When used at the end of a letter-case word (one that does not use all caps), the final form (ς) is used. In '''' (Odysseus), for example, the two lowercase sigmas (σ) in the center of the name are distinct from the word-final sigma (ς) at the end.

Upsilon (, ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ýpsilon ) or ypsilon is the twentieth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw (𐤅).

thirteenth letter of the Greek alphabet

Greek letter “xi” or “ksi”

Koppa or Qoppa (uppercase: ', lowercase: , numeral: ') is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, derived from Phoenician qoph (). It was originally used to denote the sound, but dropped out of use as an alphabetic character and replaced by kappa (Κ). It has remained in use as a numeral symbol (90) in the system of Greek numerals, although with a modified shape. Koppa is the source of Latin Q, as well as the Cyrillic numeral sign of the same name (koppa).

Digamma or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound but it has remained in use principally as a Greek numeral for 6. Whereas it was originally called waw or wau, its most common appellation in classical Greek is digamma; as a numeral, it was called episēmon during the Byzantine era and is now known as stigma after the Byzantine ligature combining σ-τ as ϛ.

Sampi (modern: ϡ; ancient shapes: Ͳ, x16px|Ͳ|class=skin-invert-image) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It was used as an addition to the classical 24-letter alphabet in some eastern Ionic dialects of ancient Greek in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, to denote some type of a sibilant sound, probably or , and was abandoned when the sound disappeared from Greek.

archaic letter of the Greek alphabet

archaic letter of the Greek alphabet used in Bactrian

Heta is a conventional name for the historical Greek alphabet letter eta (Η) and several of its variants, when used in their original function of denoting the consonant .

Christian symbol, first and last letters of the Greek alphabet

symbol with X and P together, representing Christ

diacritic mark in the Greek alphabet

Symbols for constants, special functions

ligature for και/ⲕⲁⲓ (“and”), used in Greek and Coptic; analogous to the ampersand (&) in English

letter of the Latin alphabet

ancient Greek phonetic process